Çizim bilgiyi anlama, ifade etme, deneyimleme ve depolamanýn birlikte ortaya konduðu biliþsel bir aktivitedir. Bu makale, çizimin bireyin deneyimlediði veya inþa ettiði ortam ile ilgili bilgileri iþlerken, bu bilginin harici ve somutlaþtýrýlmýþ bir belleði ortaya koyduðunu savunmaktadýr. Çizim yolu ile oluþturulan bellek; bilgiyi tutma, yeniden etkinleþtirme, yeniden yapýlandýrma gibi zihinsel belleðin iþlem yetilerine sahip, materyale aktarýlmýþ bir bellek olarak tanýmlanmaktadýr. Çizimin ortaya koyduðu biliþsel süreç çizim eylemi ve çizilen materyali kapsamaktadýr. Araþtýrmada etkileþimli bu süreç biliþin zihin ile sýnýrlý kalmadýðýný, çevre ile kurduðu iliþkide oluþtuðunu savunan “daðýtýlmýþ biliþ” yaklaþýmý üzerinden ele alýnmaktadýr. Bu yaklaþým ile çizilen temsiller ve zihinsel temsiller arasýndaki iliþkiye odaklanýlmakta, çizimde tanýma ve anlama süreçleri araþtýrýlmaktadýr. Araþtýrma, çizim yolu ile bellek oluþumunu sunulan teorik yaklaþým doðrultusunda deneyimlemeyi amaçlamaktadýr. Bu baðlamda yapýlan olgu çalýþmasý aracýlýðý ile çizim sürecinde aktif olarak ortaya konan belleðin nasýl oluþtuðunu sorgulamaktadýr. Olgu çalýþmasýnda, tanýmlanan bir dizi çizim aktivitesi sonucu çizimlerde oluþan bellek izleri gözlemlenmiþ, mekânsal deneyimin materyal üzerinde nasýl temsil edildiði analiz edilmiþtir. Çalýþmanýn sonucunda mekân algýsýnýn nasýl oluþtuðu ve bunun materyale nasýl aktarýldýðý sunulan teorik yaklaþým doðrultusunda deðerlendirilmiþtir.

Drawing refers to a cognitive activity in which understanding, expressing, experiencing and storing information is performed simultaneously. This article argues that drawing reveals an external and embodied memory while processing information about the environment in which the individual is experienced or constructed. Memory formed by drawing is defined as a memory transferred to the material that has the processing abilities of mental memory such as retention, reactivation and reconstruction of the information. The cognitive process revealed by the drawing includes both the action and the material drawn. In the research, this reflective process is covered through the “distributed cognition” approach which argues that cognition is not limited to the mind but occurs inside the relationship with its environment. With this approach, the present article focuses on the relationship between the drawn and mental representations while investigating the process of recognition and recollection in drawing. The research aims to experience memory formation through drawing in line with the theoretical approach presented. In this context, it questions how the memory that is actively revealed in the drawing process is formed by means of a case study. In the case study, memory traces formed in the drawings as a result of a defined series of drawing activities were observed, and how the spatial experience was represented on the material was analysed. As a result of the study, how the perception of the space is formed and how it is transferred to the material is evaluated in line with the presented theoretical approach.

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Geleneksel yapýlar, yerli halk tarafýndan yerel malzemelerle, basit aletler ve mevcut teknoloji kullanýlarak, belirli bir bölgenin kültürel ve çevresel özellikleri dikkate alýnarak inþa edilmiþ yapýlardýr. Bu yapýlar geçmiþ, þimdiki zaman ve gelecek arasýnda bað oluþturmakta ve gelecek nesillere bilgi aktarmaktadýr. Kýbrýs’ýn kuzey batýsýnda bulunan Lefke, farklý kültürlere ait yapýlarýn iç içe geçmiþ bir þekilde görülebileceði yerleþimlerden biri olup Kýbrýs’ýn çok kültürlü izlerini taþýyan birçok yapýyý bünyesinde barýndýrmaktadýr. Bu yapýlardan, Osmanlý dönemi sivil mimari örnekleri bölgenin geleneksel kent dokusunun önemli bir parçasýdýr. Bu araþtýrmada, Lefke geleneksel kent dokusunun bir parçasý olan Osmanlý sivil mimari örneklerinden -geleneksel Lefke evlerinden- iki örneðin arsa-yapý iliþkisinin, plan tipolojisinin, mekân kullanýmýnýn, cephe özelliklerinin, yapý malzemelerinin ve yapým tekniklerinin incelenmesi, belgelenmesi ve böylece geleneksel mimari ve kültürel miras çalýþmalarýna katký saðlanmasý amaçlanmýþtýr.

Traditional buildings that are evaluated as cultural heritage sites are built by locals using available materials, simple tools, and existing technology by considering the cultural and environmental characteristics of a particular region. These structures form a bond between past, present, and future, conveying valuable information to future generations. Lefke, located in the north-west of Cyprus, is one of the settlements where various structures of different cultures that intertwined over time can be seen as the city comprises the multicultural traces of Cyprus. Examples of residential architecture from the Ottoman and British periods that have been built in the Ottoman style are an important part of the traditional urban texture of Lefke. This article aims to examine two traditional houses in Lefke that have Ottoman house characteristics. Therefore, building plot - building relationships, plan typology, spatial use, façade features, building materials, and construction techniques have been inspected and documented. By doing so, it is aimed to contribute to traditional architecture and cultural heritage studies.

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Ayrýcalýklý kentsel mekanlar için uygun gelecek senaryolarýnýn belirlenmesi, bu mekanlarý özgün yapan geçmiþ zaman deðerlerinin çözümlenmesi ile yakýndan iliþkilidir. Geçmiþ kullanýmlar ile þimdiki program arasýndaki farklýlýklar, toplumlarýn sosyokültürel deðiþimlerinin izlenebilmesinin yaný sýra fiziksel çevreler için gelecek senaryolarýný da olanaklý kýlmaktadýr. Bu çalýþma, 1920’li yýllardan bu yana Ankara kent merkezinde önemli bir rolü olan Zafer Meydaný’na odaklanmýþtýr. Mimari programlama, kentsel çevreler de dahil olmak üzere, mekânsal deðerlerin geliþtirilmesi disiplinidir, dolayýsýyla çalýþma üç adýmlý bir programlama modeli sunar: meydanýn geçmiþ kullanýmlarýna odaklanýr (tarih çalýþmasý), mekânýn þimdiki durumunu irdeler (yerinde analiz) ve olasý bir programýn referans olarak kullanacaðý deðerleri belirler (stratejik programlama). Çalýþma, meydan için bir vizyon önermesi sunar ve kamusallýk, kültür, yeþil, esneklik, rahatlýk, ekoloji, referanslar ve bütünleþme deðerlerini kentsel mekânýn geçmiþini geleceðine baðlayacak temel deðerler olarak önerir. Bir sonraki aþama olan iþlevsel programlama için de öneriler sunar. Bu çalýþmada sunulan üç adýmlý programlama modeli (tarih araþtýrmasý, yerinde analizler ve programlama), tüm araþtýrmayý deðerlere yönlendirir, bu da öneri modelin özgünlüðünü oluþturur. Zafer Meydaný’nýn þimdiye kadar sýnýrlý sayýda tarih çalýþmasýnýn konusu olmasý nedeniyle bu çalýþma, söz konusu kentsel deðerin tarihteki özgün deðerlerini teþhis etmeye ve bu deðerlerin gelecek senaryolarýna ve gelecek tasarýmlara aktarýlmasýna adanmýþtýr.

Visioning the future of a significant urban space should be done via a thorough inquiry process, a process of decoding the values and meanings that make that urban space unique. Differences between the present/ongoing program and the specific past uses in these spaces display the socio-cultural changes of societies as they also facilitate the sound base for future scenarios. The present study focuses on The Victory Square (Zafer Meydaný), a meaningful urban space located in the city center of Ankara since 1925. Architectural programming is considered as a potential for promoting the values of spaces including urban areas. Accordingly, the present study proposes a 3-step programming model; focusing firstly on the past uses of the square (history), secondly the current conditions of the space (on-site analyses), and finally the value list to which a possible program should be referring (the strategic program). The study proposes a vision statement and considers public use, culture, greenery, flexibility, comfort, ecology, references, and integration as the main values that transmit past uses to future projections for the specific urban space. Recommendations for functional programming, which is one step further, have also been addressed. The 3-step model (historic inquiry, on-site analyses and strategic programming) presented in the study gathers the inquiry process around values, therefore the proposed model consists the originality of the study. Besides, Victory Square has been subject to limited number of research in the field of history up to now, therefore this study was devoted to diagnosing and transmitting the values that this unique space had in history to visionary scenarios and designs.

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Sosyal, politik, ekonomik ve kültürel dönüþümlere paralel olarak mimari, sanat ve edebiyat gibi alanlarda pek çok geliþmenin yaþandýðý XVIII. yüzyýlýn baþlarý, Osmanlý tarihinin kýrýlma noktalarýndan biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Üçüncü Ahmet’in saltanat ve Damat Ýbrahim Paþa’nýn sadrazamlýk dönemine denk gelen bu dönem daha sonra tarihçiler tarafýndan “Lale Devri” olarak tanýmlanmýþ, farklý ve çeliþkili þekillerde yorumlanmýþtýr. Özellikle ortaya çýkan yeni mimari formlar ve bu eserlerin ilham kaynaklarý pek çok tartýþmayý da beraberinde getirmiþtir. Bu makale, historiyografik bir bakýþ açýsýyla “Lale Devri” olarak adlandýrýlan tarihsel aralýðýn, geç Osmanlý ve erken Cumhuriyet dönemlerindeki yansýmalarýný, deðiþen ve çeliþen anlamlarýný irdelemeyi amaçlamaktadýr. Bu dönemde, özellikle Ýstanbul, küçük ölçekli ancak gösteriþli pek çok yapý ile donatýlacak, yeni bir mimari dile sahip bu eserler kent mekanýný olduðu kadar sosyal hayatý da dönüþtürecektir. Dönemin Divan edebiyatýnda yeni, özgün ve orijinal olana duyulan merakýn ve yapýlý çevreye dair ilginin izlerini takip etmek mümkündür. Ancak, Ýkinci Meþrutiyet ile birlikte “Lale Devri” terimi icat edilecek ve bu dönem, Batýlýlaþma ve Klasik Osmanlý mimari ve sanat geleneklerinden kopuþ ile iliþkilendirilecektir. Erken Cumhuriyet döneminde radikalleþerek, “Lale Devri” mimari ve sanatta yozlaþma ve gerileme ile özdeþleþtirilecektir. Mimarlýk tarih yazýmýnda öne çýkan bu tip söylemleri irdeleyen bu makale, bu dönemi, erken modernitenin belirsiz, hibrit ve tekin olmayan doðasý ile karþýlaþma zemini olarak ele almaktadýr.

Early-18th century is accepted as a significant turning point in the Ottoman history, due to the intellectual and cultural transformations and social developments taking place in political, economic, artistic, and architectural fields of life. This era, corresponding to the reign of Ahmet III and grand vizierate of Ibrahim Pasha, was later defined as the “Tulip Period” and attained contradicting meanings. Especially the novel architectural forms of the period and their source of inspiration became a point of discussion. Offering a historiographical perspective, this article articulates the changing meanings and contradicting connotations attributed to the so-called Tulip Period, during the late-Ottoman and early-Republican periods. Court poetry of the early-18th century provides us clues for understanding the contemporaries’ perception of their environment, which took the city and its architectural elements as a subject, praising their novel forms, innovative designs, unseen beauties, and unique ornamentations. Young Turk era marks a turning point in the perception and instrumentalization of the past and it introduced a critical perspective towards the “Tulip Period”, which was defined as the beginning of Westernization and divergence from the Classical Ottoman art and architecture. This narrative adopted by the early-Republican architects associated the era with corruption and decline. Scrutinizing texts written by Ottoman and Republican architects, the article takes this transformative era of encounter, ambiguity and hybridity as an immanent experience of Early Modernity.

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Bu çalýþma, ergonomi ve sürdürülebilirlik olgularý arasýndaki kavramsal çerçevenin geliþtirilmesine yönelik araþtýrmalarýn taranarak, sürdürülebilir yaklaþýmýn insanoðlunun davranýþlarýna sorumluluk sahibi bir bilinç ile çocukluk yaþlardan itibaren kazandýrýlmasý gerektiðini irdelerken, okul öncesi eðitim yapýlarýnýn ergonomik ölçütler baðlamýnda mekânsal organizasyonunun incelenmesini merkeze almýþtýr. Ergonomi, geleceði tehdit eden pek çok sorunun dengelenmesi için insan davranýþlarýna entegre olmasý önerilen kültürel deðiþim ihtiyacýna disiplinlerarasý düzeyde bilimsel bir yaklaþým sunmaktadýr. Literatür araþtýrmasý sonrasý, sürdürülebilirlik yaklaþýmý gözetilerek tasarlanmýþ müstakil bir anaokulu yapýsý örneklem alaný olarak seçilmiþ; mekânsal organizasyonu ergonomik ölçütler baðlamýnda incelenmiþtir. Milli Eðitim Bakanlýðý asgari tasarým ölçütleri; binada yapýlan gözlem, görüþme ve bilimsel tespitlerle kavramsal araþtýrma sürecinde belirlenen mekânsal konfor düzeyi ölçütleri üzerinden karþýlaþtýrma yöntemi ile kýyaslanmýþ ve bir anaokulu yapýsýnýn uygun bulunan ergonomik ölçütleri saptanmýþtýr. Çalýþmanýn kavramsal kurgusu ve örneklem alaný incelemeleri sonucunda; mekânsal organizasyonun ergonomik ölçütler bakýmýndan tasarýmýnýn; fizyolojik, psikolojik, çevresel konfor düzeylerini ideal seviyeye taþýyacaðý, verimlilik ve kaliteyi yükselteceði, kaza ve riskleri azaltarak güvenli koþullarda çalýþma ve öðrenme imkâný saðlayacaðý, yorgunluk ve stres gibi olumsuz faktörleri hafifletirken kullanýcýlarýn çalýþma ortamýndan memnuniyet duymalarýna yardýmcý olarak ekosistemin korunmasý amacýnýn da ön planda tutulabileceði tespit edilmiþtir.

Education plays a vital role in the modern world. Educational facilities should provide an efficient environment that shapes the lifestyle and understanding of the society with the help of an interdisciplinary collaboration. According to the psychological research, preschoolers who visit kindergarten, which was built with ecological architectural approaches, have the potential to raise awareness on environmental issues. Therefore, educational buildings designed for early age children as the place where learning takes place, can become environments that develop creativity, reveal talents, contribute to physiological growth, and create a sense of responsibility in order to raise young individuals to become more sensitive to society and the surrounding environment. In the present study, a detached pre-school educational building, which was designed upon sustainable criteria for 3–6-year aged children, and received LEED Platinum certificate in 2017, was selected as the field of study. The spatial organization of the structure was examined thoroughly within the scope of ergonomics. Ergonomics can also offer an interdisciplinary scientific approach to the need for change in human behavior, propose to reduce the environmental problems through the correct balance of use between the workplace, the working instruments, and the human factor. The design decisions of the sample building have been compared with the inquiries made after a comprehensive literature review. Thus, it was aimed that the findings and evaluations could be used in improving the ergonomics of the detached preschool educational building design, project decisions and implementations. The methodological approach of the study begins with the literature review to develop the conceptual framework between ergonomics and sustainability. After the establishment of the study’s conceptual terms, a sampling area was selected in order to test the results of the research on the spatial organization of a detached preschool educational building in the context of school ergonomics. After studying the design guideline of the Ministry of National Education (MoNE) and internationally studied and accepted parameters, important rooms and functions of a school structure were determined and categorized under assets such as sizes and capacity, temperature levels, luminance, and loudness. The comparison chart of 6 different functional spaces was made. These are administrative offices, classrooms, refectory, circulation areas, wet cores, and open-air spaces. The outcomes of the literature research were compared with the data obtained from the field of study through scientific output, and in-depth interview with the administrative staff. The findings were determined as the result of the examinations and comparisons made between the MoNE design guideline and the sampling area. The anthropometric measurements in the furniture and fittings of the building are planned and designed to support and improve the physiological conditions of both children and adult used areas. Spaces serving various functions in the building were constructed with appropriate and suitable architectural materials in accordance with the design guideline. The different functioned rooms have been designed to meet the natural – artificial lighting level, ventilation conditions, noise level, room temperature according to the criteria specified in the guidelines. Psychological levels resulting from the use of spaces within the building have shown that the detached building structure is designed with flexible design principles to support the comfort conditions, increase the level of satisfaction, and let people do their works without feeling tired. Organizations are programmed to be efficient for students and employees and revised and/or developed if necessary. To observe the usage safety and health conditions inside and outside the building, it has been determined that the required maximum physical security and health measures have been taken without causing a feeling of discomfort to the social and physical environment and are checked through periodic inspections. In this research, it has been studied on the importance of developing technologies for the human-environment intersections with ecological approach and the necessity to comply with the health and safety issues to ensure their continuity in accomplishing satisfaction, comfort and security in spaces of detached preschool buildings with the help of the applied science of ergonomics. As a result of the conceptual outline and sample area selection, the designing and implementation of the spatial organization in terms of ergonomic criteria bring about the physiological, psychological, and environmental comfort levels to the ideal range, increase productivity and quality, provide the opportunity to work in safe and healthy conditions by reducing accidents and risks, and help users to be satisfied with the workplace while reducing negative factors such as stress. The ergonomic factors in spatial organization of a preschool educational building have been listed and will serve as an example for educational buildings that are planned to be projected.

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Bu çalýþmada, 1925 yýlýnda Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi’nden mezun olan, Mimar Hüseyin Hüsnü Tümer’in hayatý ve mesleki faaliyetleri incelenmiþtir. Mimar Hüseyin Hüsnü Tümer gerek eðitim aldýðý Giulio Mongeri gerekse birlikte çalýþtýðý Mimar Kemaleddin Bey gibi etkin isimler ile birlikte yaptýðý çalýþmalar nedeniyle, dönem mimarlýðýnýn aktif ancak yeterince tanýnmayan bir ismi olarak kabul edilebilir. Tümer’in mesleki faaliyetlerini tespit edebilmek amacýyla, Cumhuriyet Arþivinde bulunan yazýþmalar, Salt Araþtýrma Arþivinde yer alan fotoðraflar ve Mimar/Arkitekt dergisinde yayýnlanan makaleler araþtýrma kapsamýnda incelenmiþtir. Mezuniyetinin ardýndan, Mimar Kemaleddin Bey’in baþýnda yer aldýðý bir ekip ile Kudüs’te Mescid-i Aksa’nýn onarýmý için görevlendirilen Hüsnü Tümer, Türkiye’ye dönüþ yaptýktan sonra bir süre, serbest mimar olarak çalýþmalarýna devam etmiþtir. Çok sayýda mimari proje yarýþmasýna katýlan Tümer, Bursa Belediyesi Çarþý Hal Binasý Proje Müsabakasý, Ankara Sanayi ve Maadin Bankasý Proje Müsabakasý, Ankara Çocuk Esirgeme Kurumu/Himaye-i Etfal Apartmaný Proje Müsabakasý’nda birincilik ödüllerini kazanmýþtýr. Ayný dönem, Giulio Mongeri tarafýndan hazýrlanan Bursa Kaplýca Oteli’nin uygulama sorumlusu olmuþ ve projenin bazý kýsýmlarý kendisi tarafýndan hazýrlanmýþtýr. Ayný süreçte Tümer, Ýstanbul Ayaz Paþa Mühendis Ýbrahim Galip B. Apartmaný, Ýstanbul Münip B. Evi, Mimar Torkum Çubukçuyan ile birlikte Ýstanbul Niþantaþý Hüsnü B. Apartmaný ve Ýstanbul Taksim Talimhane Ýstiklal Apartmaný’ný inþa etmiþtir. Araþtýrma neticesinde, Hüseyin Hüsnü Tümer’in meslek hayatý boyunca tamamladýðý projeler, bulunduðu görevler, ödül kazandýðý yarýþmalar, jüri üyelikleri ve makaleleri tespit edilmiþ ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti mimarlýðýna katkýda bulunmuþ etkin bir mimarýn yeterince bilinmediði düþünülen mesleki faaliyetleri ortaya konmuþtur.

The present study aims to investigate educational processes, architectural projects, professional activities and design methodology of the revered Architect Huseyin Husnu Tumer. Tumer was born in Istanbul in 1900 and graduated from Sanayi-i Nefise-i Þahane Mektebi (Academy of Fine Arts) in 1925. In this research, Huseyin Husnu Tumer’s professional career is analyzed in five phases. The first phase begins with his education and covers the time period between his graduation and returning from Jerusalem in 1927. In the academy, Tumer completed his education as a student of another well-known and respected architect, Giulio Mongeri. After his graduation, as a young architect, Tumer was commissioned in a team headed by Mimar Kemalettin, which included architect Mehmet Nihat Nigizberk, Engineer Ruþtu, Cemal and Mimar Kemalettin’s son, architect Sinan Mimaroðlu, with the task of restoration of Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. The second phase includes the short time period after the Jerusalem years and a general outlook of Republican architecture. After returning to Turkey around 1927, he continued to work as a project architect for a while and participated in several architectural competitions. During this period, he worked as a project manager in Bursa Spa Hotel Project which designed by his mentor, Giulio Mongeri and he designed some parts of the Project all by himself. Also, he achieved the first place awards in two project competitions, these being Bursa Municipality Tuz Pazarý Market Hall Building competition and Ankara Sanayi and Maadin Bank project competitions. The third phase includes production of several apartment buildings and his professional activities at the beginning of 1930’s. In this period, Tumer completed apartments such as Istanbul Ayazpasa Engineer Ýbrahim Galip B. Apartment, Istanbul Munip B. House and Istanbul Nisantasý Husnu B. Apartment, and Istanbul Taksim Talimhane Istiklal Apartment with Torkum Cubukcýyan. Also in 1933, he designed a gas station in Eminonu for an American Oil Company Socony Vacuum. Following this period, in 1934, Tumer, participated in few architectural competitions. He achieved the first prize in Ankara Child Protection Agency Apartment (Cocuk Esirgeme Kurumu Himaye-i Etfal Apartmaný) project competition, the second prize in Yalova Thermal Hotel project competition, the third prize in Ministry of Customs and Exclusivity (Gumruk ve Inhisarlar Vekaleti) building project competition and the fourth prize in Ankara Sumerbank Office Building project competition. As a result of the competition, Ankara Child Protection Agency Apartment was built in 1935 in Ankara Yeniþehir. The fourth phase includes his works for public institutions in Ankara. In 1937, he was appointed as an architect of Ankara Province Municipality (Ankara Vilayeti Belediyesi). After 5 years, in 1942, Tumer was appointed to the Ministry of Public Works, office of Construction and Planning Works (Nafia Nezareti Yapý ve Imar Isleri Reisligi) in Ankara. In 1942, he also achieved the first prize in Ankara Haymana Thermal Hotel project competition together with architect Torkum Cubukcýyan. In 1946, he was appointed to the office of the ministerial counsellor in Ministry of Public Works. In 1946 and 1947 he acted as a jury member in project competitions such as Ankara Technical University Pyhsic and Chemistry Faculty building and Istanbul University Law and Economy Faculty building, on behalf of Ministry of Public Works. The fifth and last phase includes Tumer’s professional activities in Istanbul. Around 1948, Tumer’s time working for the, Ministry of Public Works was over and he was appointed as a project manager in Istanbul University project and moved from Ankara to Istanbul. In 1953, he was appointed as the Istanbul Municipality deputy mayor and worked until 1955. In 1955, he was sent to Jerusalem to review the tiles adorning the Omer’s Mosque. After retirement, Tumer died in 1968. Although his work with effective architects, such as Giulio Mongeri, and Architect Kemaleddin, Husnu Tumer can be regarded as an active but not a well-known name in the current literature of Turkish architecture. It can be said that his education with Giulio Mongeri shaped his modernist/cubist architectural identity. Therefore, the earliest apartment buildings he designed at the beginnings of 1930’s are examples of early phase modern thoughts, bearing the design criteria of cubist architecture. In order to define Tumer’s professional activities, correspondences in the Republic Archive, photos in Salt Research Architecture and Design Archive and articles published in Mimar/Arkitekt magazine were examined within the scope of the research. As a result of this study, Huseyin Husnu Tumer’s completed projects, employments, competitions in which he won prizes, jury participations and articles about his projects were determined and professional activities of an insufficianly known and effective architect and his contributions to architecture of the Republic of Turkey were revealed.

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Konuþmanýn çaba sarf edilmeden anlaþýlabilmesi, konfor içinde o konuþmayý veya oyunu dinlemeye ve izlemeye yardýmcý olduðundan, konuþma amaçlý salonlarda konuþma anlaþýlabilirliðinin saðlanmasý, temel akustik gereksinimlerden biridir. Konuþma amaçlý salonlara örnek olarak; tiyatrolar, konferans salonlarý, derslikler ve toplantý salonlarý verilebilir. Bu salonlar birçok plan þemasýna sahip olabilecek hacimlerdir. Bahsedilen plan farklýlýklarý akustik açýdan da salonlarda deðiþikliklere sebep olmaktadýr. Bu çalýþma kapsamýnda, üç farklý plan þemalý dört farklý salon ele alýnmýþ ve bu salonlar akustik açýdan deðerlendirilmiþtir. Ýki farklý plan þemalý dikdörtgen, bir fan ve bir elmas salonlardan oluþan çalýþmada konuþma için öncelikli olan akustik parametrelerden ikisi olan; erken düþme süresi ve çýnlama süresi deðerleri salonlarda belirlenen kritik yerlerdeki alýcýlar için karþýlaþtýrýlmýþ ve hangi plan geometrisinin konuþmayý etkileyen parametrelerden erken düþme süresi ve çýnlama süresini ne þekilde etkilediði irdelenmiþtir. Sonuç olarak, salonlar tasarlanýrken, mimari tasarýmýn akustik performansý ve konforu etkilediði göz önünde bulundurulmalý, akustik açýdan konuþma anlaþýlabilirliðinin saðlanmasý için geometrik þartlar da optimize edilmeye çalýþýlmalýdýr. Hacimlerdeki geometrik farklýlýklar akustik parametrelerde de farklýlýklara yol açmaktadýr. Hacmin geniþliði, uzunluðu, en/boy oraný, hacimde paralel yüzeylerin bulunmasý, yan duvar katkýsý, yan duvarlarýn açýsý ve tavan panellerinin þekli; erken yansýmalarý, yanal yansýmalarý, gecikmiþ yansýmalarý, toplam ses enerjisini ve dolayýsýyla da erken düþme süresi ve çýnlama süresi gibi konuþma için önemli olan akustik parametrelerin deðerlerini etkilemektedir.

Speech halls can have many plan schemes and the mentioned plan differences cause further differences in the halls in terms of acoustics. Within the scope of this study, halls with rectangular, fan and diamond plan schemes have been handled and these halls have been compared acoustically. An answer was tried to be found to the question of “What is the effect of architectural design on acoustic performance?” It was aimed to examine the speech intelligibility in four different medium sized halls of three different types, being rectangular (1x1), rectangular (1x1.5), fan, and diamond, with a capacity of approximately 700 people. It was also aimed to reveal how the architectural design of the halls affect the EDT and T30 values among the acoustic parameters. The halls were designed according to the literature and were drawn in Autodesk Autocad 2012 program, necessary ray analyzes were made and modeled in three dimensions with the help of Google Sketch Up 8 program. In these modeled halls, some acoustic calculations and evaluations were made with the acoustic simulation program called Odeon 10.0 Combined. By comparing the results of these four halls with each other, it has been examined which of the halls are more acoustically efficient in which situations or which one causes what kind of acoustic defects. The halls designed according to the literature are similar to each other in volume, average height, capacity, per capita volume and areas; the halls with four different plan schemes were designed in three different types: rectangular 1x1 (hall 1a), rectangular 1x1,5 (hall 1b), fan (hall 2), and diamond (hall 3). Some material acceptances, acoustic calculations and evaluations were made in the simulation program named Odeon 10.0 Combined. As a result of these evaluations, these three different types of halls with four different plan schemes were examined and compared in terms of speech intelligibility inside the halls. From this point of view, it was concluded that which hall geometry had optimum values for which parameter and which one caused what kind of problems. For the EDT and T30 parameters, evaluations have been made for both the general of the halls and for certain receivers at a frequency of 1000 Hz. The effect of geometry on parameters; in the halls, the values of the parameters in the receivers at 1000 Hz, the average values of the parameters at 1000 Hz were interpreted with the help of receiver area grid analysis and beam-reflection graphics. As a result, which of the different plan schemes in the speech halls; among the parameters affecting speech intelligibility, it was tried to determine how the EDT and T30 affect them and which plan type is more efficient in terms of acoustics. Considering the average EDT-T30 values of the halls at 1000 Hz, T30 values are the highest in the overall receivers due to the short reflection path of Hall 1b. The lowest T30 values belong to hall 2, because the fan room is weak in terms of energy in terms of form. This situation reveals the more optimal EDT-T30 relationship for the fan hall, ie, the T30> EDT difference is less because the T30 is lower. Due to the side wall contribution of Hall 3, the T30 values of the buyers are approximately higher with hall 1a and compared to hall 2. In this context, the width, length, aspect ratio of the volume, the parallel surfaces in the volume, contribution of side walls, the angle of the side walls and the shape of the ceiling panels; It has been found that it affects early reflections, lateral reflections, delayed reflections, total sound energy and hence the EDT and T30 values. Particularly in halls with a rectangular plan, the width and length of the sitting area of the hall should not be equal to each other and / or the length of the sitting area should not exceed 25 meters, the use of parallel surfaces should be avoided or the parallelism of these surfaces should be disrupted by scattering. In addition, it should not be forgotten that concave surfaces cause focusing, the use of concave surfaces should be avoided, or they should be covered with a scattering or absorbing material. It should not be forgotten that the side wall reflections of the halls with fan plan schemes are weak especially for the receivers on the middle axis and they are mostly fed from the ceiling, and should be supported by ceiling reflections. Increased energy due to the energy contribution of the broken side walls in the diamond plan halls taken into consideration; it should be tried to be kept under control by measures to be taken with materials or other building elements. Because the excess energy in the hall means long delayed reflections and echo. Original halls were designed and the effect of architectural design on the acoustic parameters EDT and T30 was revealed with the help of the simulation program.

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Bu çalýþmada, kentsel yapýlý çevre üzerine planlama ve tasarým kararlarýnýn çocuklarýn anlayýþ ve beklenti bakýþ açýlarýndan ana hatlarýyla ortaya konulmaktadýr. Bangladeþ’in Khulna þehrinde bulunan tanýnmýþ üç okulun beþinci ve sekizinci sýnýflarýnda okuyan 271 çocuk üzerinde zihin haritalarý, yer gösterimi ve açýklamalý çizimler gibi araçlar kullanýlarak yapýlan anketin sonuçlarýna göre çocuklarýn anlayýþ ve beklentileri analiz edilmiþtir. Bangladeþ’in büyümekte olan þehirlerinden birisi olan Khulna þehri hýzlý bir þehirleþme süreci içindedir. Bu nedenle artan þehir nüfusunu ve gelecek nesilleri destekleyecek, çocuk dostu ve yaþanabilir bir çevre inþa etmek baskýsý ile karþý karþýyadýr. Çocuklarýn yapýlý çevre anlayýþýný tanýmlayan ve beklentilerini vurgulayan bu çalýþmada, gelecekteki planlar ve tasarýmlar için çözüm önerileri de sunulmaktadýr. Khulna Geliþtirme (Imar) Kurumu tarafýndan hazýrlanan çocuk dostu inþa edilmiþ çevre sorunlarýný ele alan sistematik bir incelemede, planlama kararlarýnýn çoðunun plan belgesinde mevcut olduðu ortaya konulmuþtur. Ancak, imar ve geliþtirme kontrol mekanizmalar ile mevcut planlama hükümlerin sürdürülmesi, ilgili makamlarýn iyi niyetinden yoksundur. Sonuç olarak bu çalýþma, çocuklarýn planlama sürecine katýlýmlarýnýn ve kavramsal algý düzeylerinin sürdürülebilir bir çocuk dostu yapýlý çevre elde edilmesi için çok önemli olduðunu yansýtmaktadýr.

This paper outlines the necessity of planning and design provisions on urban built environment from children’s understanding and aspirations’ perspective. Their understanding and aspirations are analyzed through survey and a result presentation was prepared using research tools like mind maps, place representation and annotated drawings of dream neighborhood by 271 children of class 5 and class 8 from three renowned schools of Khulna, Bangladesh. Khulna, as a divisional city, is under rapid urbanization process, therefore, facing mounting pressure to build a child-friendly and livable environment which will support its growing urban population and future generations. Thereby, identifying children’s understanding of built environment and highlighting their aspirations, this paper also provides solution measures for future planning and design within its scope. Thereafter, with a systematic review of Khulna Development Authority prepared structure plan, referring to the aspired child friendly built environment issues, it has been found that most of the planning provisions are available inside the plan document. However, zoning and development control mechanisms as well as maintenance of existing provisions lack the goodwill of respective authorities. Finally, this study reflects that children’s participation in the planning process and the level of their cognitive perception is crucial to achieve a sustainable and child friendly built environment.

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Bu çalýþmada, yüksek hýzlý tren memnuniyeti farklý sosyodemografik yapýdaki yolcularýn bakýþ açýsýyla deðerlendirilmektedir. Çalýþmanýn örneklemini Ankara-Konya yüksek hýzlý tren güzergahýnda seyahat eden, 18 yaþýndan büyük, ekonomi sýnýfýný kullanan 427 kiþi oluþturmaktadýr. Çalýþmada literatürden elde edilen bilgiler doðrultusunda yolcularýn memnuniyetine etki edeceði öngörülen altý ana baþlýkta 23 alt kriter seti anket formu þeklinde kullanýcýlara sunulmuþ, anketlerde likert tipi ölçek kullanýlmýþtýr. Belirlenen kriterlerin önem derecesine göre aðýrlýklandýrýlmasý amacýyla analitik hiyerarþi süreci yönteminden yararlanýlarak uzman görüþüne baþvurulmuþtur. Analitik hiyerarþi süreci analiz sonuçlarý incelendiðinde ana kriterlerde yolculuk ve tren konforu; alt kriterlerde ise sefer sýklýðý, bilet ücreti ve sefer saatlerinin yolcu memnuniyetine daha fazla etki ettiði saptanmýþtýr. Cinsiyet deðiþkeni ele alýndýðýnda kadýn katýlýmcýlarýn erkek katýlýmcýlardan tren konforu ile güvenlik ve risk memnuniyetinde farklýlaþtýklarý görülmüþtür. Yüksek hýzlý tren genel memnuniyet düzeyinin, yaþ ve eðitim düzeyi arttýkça azaldýðý saptanmýþtýr. Erken yaþlý-yaþlý grubu (55 yaþ ve üzeri) özellikle tren konforuna iliþkin olumsuz görüþ bildirmiþtir. Ýstasyon konforu memnuniyet puanýnýn gelirle ters orantýlý, ücret ve bilet hizmetleri toplam memnuniyet puanýnýn gelirle doðru orantýlý olduðu tespit edilmiþtir. Yolculuk amaçlarýna göre genel memnuniyet puanlarýna bakýldýðýnda arkadaþ ziyareti ve sosyokültürel etkinliklere katýlým amacýyla yolculuk yapan katýlýmcýlarýn yüksek hýzlý trenden daha memnun olduðu; bakým hizmeti amacýyla yolculuk yapan katýlýmcýlarýn ise en düþük memnuniyet puanýna sahip olduðu saptanmýþtýr.

This study evaluates the high speed rail (HSR) satisfaction from the perspective of passengers of different socio-demographic structures. The population of the study consisted of 427 individuals who are older than 18 years old and the main scope of the study was on Ankara-Konya HSR route, which constitutes 28% of the total HSR trips, at the economy class. In the present study, in line with the data obtained from the literature, 23 sub-criteria sets under 6 main headings that are expected to affect passenger satisfaction are provided to the users in a questionnaire form. To weight the determined criteria according to the degree of importance, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method was used and expert opinion was referred. When AHP analysis results were examined, trip and train comfort were determined to have more impact on passenger satisfaction in the main criteria, while fare, ticket services, and train service times had more impact in the sub-criteria. Considering the gender variable, it is found that female participants differ from male participants in terms of trip comfort and security and risk satisfaction. HSR overall satisfaction level was identified to decrease as the level of age and education increases. The early-aged and aged group (55 and over age) delivered a negative opinion for train comfort in particular. Station comfort satisfaction score was found to be inversely proportionated to income, while fare and ticket services total satifaction score was direclty proportionated to income. Considering the general satisfaction scores according to the trip purposes; it was determined that participants traveling with the aim of visiting their friends and participating in socio-cultural activities were found to be more satisfied with HSR, while the participants traveling for care services, on the other hand, were found to have the lowest satisfaction score.

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Kültürel miras anlayýþýnýn geliþim süreci içinde insan haklarý konusu miras ile iliþkilendirilmeye baþlamýþ, bu durum kültürel mirasýn teori ve uygulamasýnda deðiþimleri beraberinde getirmiþtir. Kültürel mirastan tüm insanlýðýn yararlanmasýnýn bir insan hakký olmasýnýn yaný sýra koruma sürecinin insan haklarýnýn hayata geçmesine katký saðlamasý gerektiði fikri benimsenmiþ ve konu koruma hedeflerinin içine dahil edilmiþtir. Haklarý koruyan ve geliþtiren bir koruma uygulamasýnýn kültürel mirasýn nitelikli ve yeterli þekilde korunabilmesini saðlayan yol olduðu düþüncesi oluþmuþtur. Bu çalýþmanýn konusu, Ýstanbul’un Tarihi Alanlarý’nda uygulanan koruma sürecinde kültürel miras ile ilgili ortaya çýkan yetersizlik ve olumsuzluklar ile insan haklarýnýn durumu arasýndaki iliþkiyi ortaya koymaktýr. Buradaki amaç, kültürel mirasýn korunmasýndaki yetersizliklerin kültürel miras üzerinde hak sahibi olan paydaþlarýn, haklarýný kullanmalarýný sýnýrlayan yapý nedeniyle ortaya çýktýðýný kanýtlamaktýr. Çalýþma kültürel mirasýn sahip olduðu boyutlar ile haklar iliþkisini açýklamakta, bu iliþkiden hareketle Ýstanbul’un Tarihi Alanlarý’ndaki koruma sürecini incelemektedir. Çalýþma, nitel araþtýrma yöntemlerinden durum çalýþmasý araþtýrmasý özelliðindedir ve teorik araþtýrmadan çýkarýlan göstergeler yardýmýyla koruma süreci ile haklar iliþkisinin incelenmesine dayanmaktadýr. Araþtýrma sonucunda, Ýstanbul’un Tarihi Alanlarý’nda koruma sürecinin paydaþlarýn sahip olduklarý haklarýn hayata geçmesi açýsýndan yetersiz ve sýnýrlayýcý olduðu görülmüþtür. Var olan sýnýrlýlýðýnýn kültürel mirasýn korunmasýndaki baþarýyý azalttýðý, bunun ise paydaþ tercihlerinden kaynaklandýðý sonucuna ulaþýlmýþtýr.

As a result of the increasing importance, human rights have started to be included in different fields of study such as sociology, economics and planning. During the development process of the cultural heritage concept, the issue of rights has started to be correlated with cultural heritage. This event has brought about an alteration in the theory and practice of cultural heritage. It has begun to be seen that sharing the common heritage of mankind is a human right and the idea that the conservation process should contribute to the realization of human rights. The tendency to ensure the conservation of cultural heritage and the realization of human rights simultaneously has also imposed alterations in the existing cultural heritage mentality. It has been formulated that a conservation process which protects and develops rights is the way of providing qualified and adequate conservation of cultural heritage. Hence, it can be said that a conservation system not based on rights is the main reason for insufficient conservation of cultural heritage. The subject of this research is to reveal the relationship between insufficiencies and negativities regarding cultural heritage and the state of human rights in the conservation process of Historic Areas of Istanbul. The aim is to demonstrate that the insufficiencies about the conservation are caused by the structure that restricts the heritage rights of stakeholders from exercising their rights. The present study is a case study research which is one of the qualitative methods. It is based on the examination of the relationship between the conservation process and rights, using indicators derived from the theoretical research. In this qualitative methodology, in-depth interviews were held with stakeholders. Seven main stakeholder groups have been identified in the conservation process in Historic Areas of Istanbul. The stakeholder groups are local people, central government, local government, international conservation organizations, professional organizations and associations, academicians and investors. Within the research scope, in-depth interviews were held with equal numbers of representatives from each of these stakeholder groups and their opinions were received. The data collected in these interviews were used in analyzing the conservation process in Historical Areas of Istanbul in the context of rights. The research explains the relationship between the dimensions of cultural heritage and the rights and analyses the conservation process in Historic Areas of Istanbul in the context of this relationship. The scope of the research has been formed on this axis. The research consists of two main parts. In the first part, the relationship between cultural heritage and human rights is explained, and the criteria that a rights-based conservation system should have, are determined. The second part of the research includes a field study. The criteria determined in the first part were used in the second part as indicators to analyze the conservation process in Historic Areas of Istanbul. In the first part of the study, the criteria that a rights-based conservation system should have in physical, economic, social, cultural, political and legal dimensions of cultural heritage were determined as 30 indicators in total. When the conservation process in Historical Areas of Istanbul examined in the context of these indicators, it has been revealed that the existing conservation system is not compatible with the characteristics of a system in which rights are regarded, protected and developed. It has been observed that the conservation process in Historic Areas of Istanbul is discordant with a rights-based approach in all the dimensions of cultural heritage. Also, the problems and deficiencies often faced in the conservation process were identified. Additionally, it has been determined that the lack of a conservation and management system based on rights have simply constituted the primary reason for these deficiencies. As a result of the research, it has been revealed that the conservation process is insufficient in terms of realizing the rights of stakeholders, and these insufficiencie reduces the success of programmed conservation. Finally, it should be expressed that this negative result is related to stakeholder preferences.

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Teknolojik geliþmeler, saðlýk hizmetleri ve geriatri bilimindeki ilerlemeler ile yaþam kalitesindeki artýþ, insan ölümlerinin azalmasýna ve yaþlý nüfusun, nüfus ortalamasý içerisinde oransal artýþýna sebep olmuþtur. Çalýþmanýn amacý; ülkemizdeki yaþlý nüfusun il düzeyinde kýrsal ve kentsel yýðýlmasý ile illerin yaþam kalitesi verileri arasýnda bir iliþki olup olmadýðýný saptamaktýr. Bu çalýþma, Türkiye’de yaþlýlýðýn mekânsal daðýlýmýnýn il düzeyi verileri ile karþýlaþtýrmalý analizine dayanmaktadýr. Çalýþmanýn amacý doðrultusunda mekânsal yýðýlma analizleri yaþlý nüfusun kentsel ve kýrsal alandaki daðýlýmý lokasyon katsayýsý yöntemi ile gerçekleþtirilmiþtir ve haritalandýrma yöntemiyle görselleþtirilmiþtir. Buradan elde edilen sonuçlara göre yaþlýlarýn kentte ve kýrda en çok ve en az yýðýldýðý iller saptanmýþ, seçilen illerin Türkiye Ýstatistik Kurumu’ndan elde edilen yaþam kalitesi verileri detaylý olarak incelenmiþ ve yorumlanmýþtýr. Bu çalýþmaya göre “ülkemizdeki yaþlý nüfusun il düzeyinde (kýrsal ve kentsel) yýðýlmasý ile illerin yaþam kalitesi verileri arasýnda doðrusal bir iliþki” olduðu saptanmýþtýr. Buna göre yaþlý yýðýlmasýnýn yüksek olduðu yerleþmelerde yaþlýlarýn yaþam kalitesi yüksek; yaþlý yýðýlmasýnýn düþük olduðu yerleþmelerde yaþam kalitesi düþüktür. Ülkemizde kýrsal yaþlanma oranlarýnýn artmasý sebebiyle kýr ve kent arasýndaki olanak farklarýnýn azaltýlmasý, yaþam kalitesi ve yaþam memnuniyetinin artmasýný saðlayacaktýr. Yaþlýlýkla ilgili yapýlan araþtýrmalarda mikro düzey (mahalle, ilçe, il düzeyi) önemli olsa da bu çalýþma yaþlýlýðýn bütüncül olarak deðerlendirilmesi gerektiðini ve makro düzeyde (ulusal ölçek) yaklaþýmlara ihtiyaç duyulduðunu ortaya koymaktadýr.

Technological developments, improvement of health services, advances in geriatric science and an overall increase in quality of life (QOL) have caused a decrease in human mortality and an increase in the ratio of elderly population within the average population. Depending on geography, this proportional rise often differs in the world’s developed and developing countries. Different agglomerations have been seen in the elderly population of Turkey in urban and rural settlements. The purpose of the analysis is to assess if there is a connection between the rural and urban agglomeration of Turkey’s elderly population and the provincial data on the QOL. The goal is also to decide which cities are crowded with the elderly, whose ratio rises every year; to see which of the QOL indicators in these cities stand out and which are lacking. The present study’s sub-objectives are to draw attention to the elderly’s QOL and to highlight the fact that older people are part of social life, structure and culture. In the review, the methods of literature research and field analysis were used jointly. Using the location coefficient technique, the agglomeration maps of the elderly population were made for urban and rural areas. In this report, as the rural settlements of the provinces that were in Metropolitan Municipalities in 2012 were converted into neighborhoods under Law No. 6360 on rural and urban settlements, instead of current statistics, the elderly population data for 2012 were used. In this sense, the 2013 data was regarded as the basis of the TURKSTAT QOL survey instead of the current QOL data. The agglomeration maps developed by the provinces with the highest and lowest accumulation of elderly in urban and rural areas were taken into consideration. QOL data has been analyzed and interpreted in depth in the selected provinces. The indicators that are not age-related (e.g. YGS (university admissions exam) average score) and may vary in the form of rural-urban settlement difference (e.g. airport access rate) were not included in the analysis. The new indicators were therefore analyzed under 10 headings: housing, income and wealth, health, education, environment, safety, civic participation, access to infrastructure services, social life and the level of happiness over the age of 65. In addition, age dependency ratio was also taken into account in the comments. Finally, a comparison table with parameters acceptable for the QOL of the elderly was developed for the chosen cities. In the present study, the old age limit was taken into account as 65 years and above, and how the concept of old age changed in the historical process was also observed. Demographic changes, elderly population rates, crude death rate and population estimates in Turkey have been examined with related statistics in mind. Scientific studies which have explored the factors in the world assessing the QOL in old age were reviewed. In this way, it has been ensured that the concept of QOL is viewed through the scope of old age requirements. The claim that “the accumulation of the elderly population in Turkey at the provincial level and the provincial QOL data is directly proportional” is endorsed as a result of the report. In cities where the concentration of elderly people is lower, it has been found that women, in particular, are less satisfied with health, education, housing, income and wealth satisfaction. It was found that even in settlements where the elderly density is poor, the elderly participate in the work life actively. It was concluded here that, in any conditions, elderly people should be assisted by a “strong pension system” at the national level or at least a “social assistance system” at the local level. It has been discovered that the variations in QOL here relate to local and national service opportunities. The old-age practices should therefore be planned in an “administrative context”. Although micro level (neighborhood, district, province level) management is important in the old age projects, this study shows that old age should be evaluated in a holistic manner and approaches to macro level (national scale) insights are also needed. According to the results of this report, the TURKSTAT QOL survey was found to be inadequate because the service distance between urban and rural areas cannot be taken into account. In this context, a rigorous study should be undertaken in compliance with both the needs of the elderly and the pillars of the society. The coexistence of old age and QOL is an important concept that has not been studied much in Turkey. This study is expected to provide data for future studies on ageing.

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Kamusal yaþam alanlarýndan olan meydanlar ve sokaklar biçimsel özellikleri ile kullanýcýlarýný çeker ve toplumsal yaþama katar. Kent bütününde sokaklarýn ve meydanlarýn kentin açýk alan að sistemindeki yeri, kentle bütünleþebilmeleri, kente entegre olabilmeleri önemlidir. Planlý kent uygulamalarýnda, bütüncül planlama kararlarýna baðlý olarak biçimlenen sokak ve meydanlarýn kentle bütünleþmeleri beklenir. Plansýz meydanlar planlama kararlarýna baðlý olmadan bulunduklarý bölgenin fiziksel ve toplumsal yaþam özelliklerine göre biçimlenir. Çalýþmada, plansýz meydanlarýn kentle bütünleþmesi ve morfolojik bileþenlerine ait özelliklerin çözümlenmesi hedeflenmektedir. Bu baðlamda makro, mezo ve mikro ölçekli analizler yapýlmaktadýr. Üst ölçekli yapý-kentsel bütünleþme kapsamýnda mekânsal sistem, seri algýlamalar, eþ görüþ analizleri, orta ölçekli yapý-iki boyutlu çerçeve özellikleri kapsamýnda dinamik-statik mekân, pozitif-negatif mekân, malzeme-renkdoku özellikleri, yakýn ölçekli yapý-üç boyutlu çerçeve özellikleri kapsamýnda merkezilik, yönlenme, kapalýlýk ve kentsel mekân ögeleri ele alýnmaktadýr. Çalýþma alaný olarak ele alýnan Saburhane Meydaný Muðla’nýn tarihi yerleþim bölgesinde mekânsal ve tarihsel sürekliliðe sahip, kent merkezi ile baðlantýsýna baðlý olarak yoðun kullanýmlý, geleneksel mimari karakterini koruyan, meydan olma özelliðini her dönem yansýtan bir meydandýr. Yapýlan analizlerde; meydanýn ve çevresinin organik doku karakterini yansýttýðý, çekirdek meydan özelliði gösterdiði, amorf biçimli, çok merkezli meydanýn bütününde negatif mekân özelliði gösterdiði, mekânsal baðlantý ve bütünleþmede önemli bir odak olduðu, yeþil ögelerinin, cami ve minarenin mekânsal algýda öne çýktýðý, cami, kahvehane ve ticaret birimlerinin doðrudan meydana açýlmasýnýn meydanýn kullaným yoðunluðunu kuvvetlendirdiði görülmektedir. Sonuçta; Saburhane Meydaný kendine ait özellikleri ile diðerlerinden farklýlaþan, bu sayede kimliðini koruyabilen plansýz bir meydan olduðu, bu özelliklerinin biçimsel ve fonksiyonel sürekliliðini saðlamada etkili olduðu, yapýlan çalýþmanýn yenileme-iyileþtirme çalýþmalarý için yönlendirici olabileceði düþünülmektedir.

The urban spaces, in which public life occurs, may take place in the cities with different shapes and sizes, ranging from the small activity areas to the big urban squares. Different factors such as introverted or extroverted social life, organic or geometric urban fabric of cities depending on planned or unplanned development may be effective in the formation of the aforementioned urban spaces. Within this context, the question of how the urban spaces in the unplanned cities complete each other in the urban open space network system and which role do they have in the spatial integrity come to the forefront, different from the planned urban spaces. In the present study, it was aimed to conduct the application study for the analysis of the urban integration and morphological components of the issue of squares, which are urban spaces, over the case of Muðla Saburhane Square, which is an unplanned square. The study, in which the analysis methods of the space syntax and morphological components were used together, was conducted in three phases completing each other. In the macro scale phase, the space syntax, serial perception and isovist analysis methods, are used and the open space network system of the city and the level of integration of the square with the city are revealed. In the meso scale phase, analyses are made for the dynamic-static spatial structure, positive-negative space setup, and the material-color-fabric properties in the ground plane of the two-dimensional framework properties of the square. In the micro scale phase, the subjects on the centricity structure of the third dimension of the square, orientation properties, the spatial closeness properties due to horizontal and vertical planes and the spatial components of the square are examined. The square may be defined as an applied study in which analyses suitable for the theoretical content including the macro scale structure of the city and the meso and micro scale detail structuring issues which lead to the formation of the squares were conducted on the case of a square. The study was limited with the Saburhane Square, an historical settlement of Muðla, which has dominant organic urban fabric, is connected to city and the other open spaces of the city, has intense use characteristics and can always reflect the traditional architectural characteristics and square identity. Based on the macro scale analyses, it was observed that organic urban fabric was dominant in historical settlement region that is the Saburhane Square and its surroundings, Karamuðla Street, in which the square was located, had an axis role associating the city parts with organic and geometric fabric with each other, Cumhuriyet Square had gathering space characteristics known across the city and Saburhane Square had gathering space characteristics across the neighborhood. Based on the analyses performed with the space syntax method, it was observed that Saburhane Square came into forefront in integrating with the city and it was an important focus in spatial connection and integration. In the isovist analyses based on the square, it was understood that the region is characterized by the corner bakery, monumental green component, mosque, and minaret; and building units on main road axis can be perceived effectively in the arrivals to the square from different directions. It was observed that the empty spaces were 1.76 times greater than the full spaces in the organic urban fabric region surrounding the square, the building surfaces and the vertical garden walls were effective in identifying the borders of the square, the existence of the intense and effective green components brought the square a soft space characteristic, the amorphous form in the ground plane of the square reflected negative characteristics due to convex characteristics, it had a dynamic space characteristic in terms of the width-length ratio, the monuments and green components were the components enriching the spatial structure of the square, the square had different centers as secular, otherworldly, geometric and functional, and the fact that the units surrounding the square were opened directly to the square affected the spatial liveliness positively. The present study is considered to be important in revealing the necessity of preparing such guides in the renewal studies for unplanned squares or in the new plannings. The fact that space syntax, isovist, and morphological analyses were used together in the study is considered to contribute to the related studies as it enables integrated analysis and evaluation in different stages ranging from grand urban scale to spot detail scale.

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Bu çalýþmada; diyaliz tedavi merkezlerinde tek yatak ve çift sýra yatak düzeni planlamasýna göre yapýlan iç mekân yerleþim planlarýnýn, hasta iletiþimi ve algýsý üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi ve iç mekâna yönelik iliþki deðerlerinin saptanmasý amaçlanmýþtýr. Diyaliz merkezlerinin mekân tasarýmýna yönelik iþlevsel yaklaþýmý ve mekânýn kullanýcýsý olan hastalarýn psikolojik durumu üzerindeki etkileri, algýsal deðerler üzerinden ele alýnarak incelenmiþtir. Diyaliz merkezlerinde uygulanan yatak düzeni planlamalarý; hastalarýn diðer hastalar ve saðlýk personeliyle olan iletiþimi ile mekânsal algýsýný etkileme durum ve düzeyi açýsýndan araþtýrýlmýþtýr. Araþtýrma, Ankara’da iç mekân planlamasýnda hem tek hem de çift sýra yatak düzeni bulunan üç diyaliz merkezinde gerçekleþtirilmiþtir. Bu merkezlerden hizmet alan hastalar rastgele seçilmiþ ve 119 hasta üzerinde anket çalýþmasý yapýlmýþtýr. Deðerlendirmede; tek yataklý düzende tedavi gören hastalarýn, çift yataklý düzende tedavi gören hastalara göre iç mekân atmosfer algýsý açýsýndan daha olumlu, ancak saðlýk personeli ve diðer hastalar ile etkileþimleri açýsýndan daha olumsuz bir algýya sahip olduklarý ortaya çýkmýþtýr. Elde edilen veriler doðrultusunda; diyaliz merkezleri iç mekân planlamasýnda yer alan yatak düzenlerinin, hastalarýn iletiþimi ile diðer hastalar ve saðlýk personeliyle olan etkileþimleri açýsýndan, kullanýcýlarýn mekân algýsý üzerinde önemli etkilerinin olduðu ortaya konmuþtur.

The present study was aimed to examine the effect of the interior layouts in dialysis treatment centers (single-bed and double-bed layouts) on patients’ communication and well-being. Spatial design of dialysis centers should be examined with respect to their functionality and effects on patients’ psychological state. The interior bed layout in dialysis centers may influence patients’ communication with other patients and healthcare staff as well as their spatial perception. This study was carried out in three dialysis centers in Ankara, Turkey, that had both single bed and double-bed layouts in similar interior spatial conditions. Patients were randomly selected from these centers and 119 patients completed the questionnaire. The patients who received treatment in the single-bed layout had a more positive attitude towards the interior atmosphere; however, their interactions with healthcare staff and other patients were less than those who received treatment in the double-bed layout. Bed-row layout in dialysis centers has considerable effects on patients’ communication, interaction with other patients and staff, and spatial perception. The present study thereby, provides insights into the criteria that need to be considered while designing treatment areas.

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