1. | Megaron 2022-3 Full Issue Pages I - V |
ARTICLE | |
2. | Investigating mass-space system to achieve an optimal model for analysing visibility among residential buildings and public open spaces using three-dimensional isovist Amir Shakibamanesh, Mahdiyeh Kokabi doi: 10.14744/megaron.2022.33410 Pages 409 - 423 Urban designers have paid a lot of attention to view quality recently to enhance the standard of the urban environment for people to live in. This study was conducted to achieve an optimal model of visibility among buildings and public spaces. To this end, three indices, i.e., “view from public space to the surrounding space”, “view from the building to adjacent buildings”, and “view from the building to open space”, were investigated, considering the physical-spatial structure and visual privacy. To represent physical space and analyse views, three-dimensional isovist was used in this study to quantitatively evaluate the visibility of the neighborhood unit scale. First, three categories of physical characteristics that affect vision were established: “spatial layers,” “properties of mass-space components,” and “spatial qualities.” Next, spatial qualities were explained to evaluate, select, and relate them to each of the isovist variables. Isovist variables effective in measuring the three research indices were identified using the Delphi technique and six variables of volume, area, perimeter, obstruction, length of minimum, and maximum line of sight in three sites in the north of Persian Gulf Lake in Tehran were evaluated. The findings demonstrated that factors like severe spatial enclosure, high building density, proximity of blocks, block shape, building height distribution, and uniform skyline increased the visibility of buildings, leading to weak visual privacy and a diminished view of open space from inside buildings and public spaces. The site with the best conditions for optimal visibility was found using the sum of quantitative visual values, and an integrated model for calculating optimal visibility was then introduced. |
3. | Urban design in a historic context: Evaluation of the renovation project of Sahibabad Meydan in Tabriz Meysam Soleimani doi: 10.14744/megaron.2022.53323 Pages 424 - 436 The present study aims to evaluate the renovation of Sahibabad Meydan which is part of a large-scale urban project designed to reorganise the traditional commercial axis of Tabriz. The project has been stalled for more than a decade as the implemented first phase encountered a serious financial failure. The renovation of historic sites has become an important task in Iranian cities that experienced a dramatic urban change over the past century. The present study highlights the importance of Urban Morphology in designing historic contexts in contemporary Iranian cities. The urban transformation of Tabriz is analysed at the city level to understand the impacts of the modernisation movement. The analytical method of Space Syntax is used to illustrate how the spatial quality of historic Sahibabad Meydan has been changed. It is revealed that the modern streets have become powerful urban elements that affect the performance of Sahibabad Meydan. Two hypotheses are considered for the future of the renovation project. Daraie Street plays a significant role in this sense as it makes a considerable impact on the visibility, accessibility, and centrality of Sahibabad Meydan. The correlation of Visual Integration and Clustering Coefficient measures reveals that the meydan will be a successful public space only if Daraie Street is closed. The present study underlines the significance of urban morphological analyses in the changing historic context. Providing the opportunity for a comparative study, Space Syntax contributes to the prediction of the future performance of an urban project. |
4. | The comparative analysis of SPACE SYNTAX and PPS approaches in measuring quality of urban space: The case of Beyazit district, Istanbul İmran Gümüş, Buse Açık Etike, İstem Seçkin Parlakyıldız Köse doi: 10.14744/megaron.2022.79095 Pages 437 - 448 Spatial quality research is conducted using quantitative and qualitative research methods and techniques such as observation or surveys. The aim of the study is to make a comparative analysis of two research methods; the space syntax method, which focuses on a spatial configuration, and the Project for Public Spaces (PPS) approach, which focuses on the quality of urban spaces through principles defined as sociability, linkages and access, uses and activities, comfort and image, which enable understanding the socio-cultural characteristics of the area. This study uses these two methods to examine the concept of quality in urban space in order to measure the spatial quality of Beyazit Square and its surroundings in the historical peninsula of Istanbul. As a result, space syntax numerical values of integration, connectivity and intelligibility can be used as data for measuring the quality of urban space. However, there are differences between the PPS results and the spatial configuration data. This difference enables the identification of quality parameters that are dependent on and independent of the spatial configuration. Through this combined approach, the impact of spatial configuration on spatial quality is investigated. It is concluded that the combination of these two methods can provide a new alternative approach for comprehensive and reliable results in the quality measurement of urban spaces. |
5. | The leading example of western-influenced structures in Ottoman architecture – “Çit Kasrı” at the Yıldız Palace and its repairs Ayten Erdem, Nevzat İlhan doi: 10.14744/megaron.2022.60252 Pages 449 - 460 Çit Kasrı which is one of the important buildings in the Yıldız Palace was constructed in the mid-19th century. It was probably designed and built by Sarkis Balyan, during the reign of Sultan Abdülaziz. The building is known as the “Çit Kasrı” because of the cloth material called “chit” that covered the interior walls. The ambassadors and officials of foreign states were received in this building. The Kasır is a single-story building of masonry construction with a partial basement. It was built generally of imported materials. In Ottoman architecture; cement materials, prefabricated imitation stone elements, and interior space decoration covered with silk cloth were certainly used for the first time in this building. The building was repaired in 1982–1983 by the Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture. It was vacated in 2017 as part of the project to reunify the Yıldız Palace. Today, the building, which is currently idle, is waiting to be repaired and reused. This study’s aim is to reveal the original values of Çit Kasrı which is in a new restoration process, to evaluate the last restoration, to share the information obtained from this restoration and the current conservation problems of the building with the academic community, and to provide data for the new restoration planned in the future. The research is based on the survey drawings of the building before the restoration, the information obtained from the building during the repair, and the photographs taken before and after the restoration |
6. | A spatial reading on environmental urban identity: The place of stamps as cultural heritage in urban memory Yelda Durgun Şahin doi: 10.14744/megaron.2022.90592 Pages 461 - 485 Türkiye is a unique country with its natural beauties, historical and archaeological heritage, socio-cultural life. Each of these characteristics gives a local urban identity for each city. The Great Country Cities series of postage stamps in the Republic of Türkiye belonging to 67 cities showing the photographs of the cities were printed between 1958-1960. Stamps as an inventory and a tool for urban memory express our national identity. By creating stamp illustrations that show the natural and artificial environment of cities, they have become a visual communication tool that allows cities to be promoted and reach a wide audience. In this study, which is about environmental identity analysis, it is selected the Great Country Cities series of postage stamp to study the perception of the city of the photographer(s).The intuitive approach of the photographer while photographing the urban environment has led to the promotion of cities by reaching large audiences through stamps. This study aims to reveal the perception of the urban environment that influences these artists' decisions when photographing cities. Therefore, the study is carried to determine the environmental identity components and image elements of the urban area on the city stamps. Thus, the perception of the city by the artist who photographs cities would be revealed. This study evaluated the artist's perception when these stamps were photographed. There are three stages to the study. In the first stage, the city stamps are grouped regionally and the environmental identity elements are analysed according to the city image components. In the second stage, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is used to determine the weights of the criteria constituting the environmental identity. At the third stage, the perception of urban identity (environmental) that the artist/artists who photographed cities wanted to emphasise about that cities were evaluated comparatively with weighted criteria. At the end of the study, it is seen that the environmental urban identity perception has regional differences, and the image elements of the cities are revealed. When the regional analysis findings were compared with the AHP method; It is seen that the order of the criteria weights of the artificial environment components and the order of the graphical reading (findings obtained in accordance with the Gestalt theory and Lynch city image component analysis) findings, which are considered regionally, are the same. When the natural environmental components are examined regionally; in all regions, geographical features are the first element that comprises the environmental identity, followed by natural vegetation, and finally by water. When the artificial environmental components are examined regionally; in all regions, urban image element make up the first component of environmental identity, followed by urban masses and urban transportation network. It is seen that urban void is the least perceived artificial environmental component in all regions. As a result, regional differences are seen in environmental identity perception. Moreover, as environmental conditions change in different cities, the same component affects identity formation at different rates and has varying effects on people. Thus, studying environmental identity requires evaluation of the natural environment in conjunction with the artificial environment because they are inseparable. According to the study's outputs that natural and artificial environmental components need to be evaluated holistically in urban identity studies. It is demonstrated that the perception of identity, which is intangible data, can be measured by used method. In terms of supporting the results of the regional analysis, the use of the AHP method in evaluating environmental identity is regarded positively. Stamps serve as an urban memory tool, conserving a historical era and cultural heritage as documents. This study is important because it introduces the components that reflect the past urban identities of the 67 cities studied. It is known that there are changes in the identities of these cities with the different historical layers and environmental variables they have today. Thus, the city postage stamp as urban memory tool is an effective inventory of preserving and recording urban identity information of the historical cities that describing a era. |
7. | Perceptual evaluation of street geometry by different groups based on pedestrian preferences Leila Akbarishahabi doi: 10.14744/megaron.2022.03411 Pages 486 - 500 Generally, there is a positive relationship between the walking routes’ attractive physical features and pedestrians’ preferences for walking. Individuals’ preferences that emerge as a result of the perceptual evaluation and cognitive processes are affected by individual characteristics as well as the environment’s physical features. In recent years, in cities formed by rational designers, functionality has been emphasised, and users’ perceptions have been ignored. This study aimed to examine the differences between perceptions and preferences of different expertise and educational groups and emphasise that the user’s perceptions should be considered besides the experts’ opinions who define the formal qualities of the space in urban design projects. One of the most important walking route’s physical features is its form and geometry, and it is effective on individuals’ perceptual evaluations and preferences. In this study, keeping the other factors affecting perception constant, preferences regarding street forms – Straight or Curved – were investigated with two different groups, 72 participants who were educated in the urban design field and 87 participants who were not educated in this field. Five street views consisting of straight and curved street options were shown to the participants, and they were asked to determine their preferred option with reason. As a result of comparing the data obtained from the responses of two groups, while the participants who received urban design education mainly preferred streets with straight geometry, the other group preferred curved streets. In the study, two concepts were greatly emphasised for reasons of preferences: Order and Mystery. While the participants who were educated in the urban design field explained the reason for preferring the street with the Order descriptive mainly, other participants mostly used the Mystery descriptive as a reason for preference. |
8. | The dynamics of collaboration and knowledge sharing in co-working spaces: The study of Istanbul case Senem Kozaman Aygün doi: 10.14744/megaron.2022.39001 Pages 501 - 510 The new working practices, which include individualised and freelance employment options, affected the nature of workspaces and transformed them into more flexible and less dependent on distance and fixed places. Accordingly, co-working spaces (CWSs) are the new platforms that initiate an environment for interaction between different groups or individuals in a community. This research aims to represent the development process and location patterns of CWSs in Istanbul and the dynamics of collaboration and knowledge flow between individuals or firms in CWSs. In this context, 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted with users from different sectors, managers, and founders of spaces. By presenting the results of the in-depth interviews, the research argues that interaction among co-located agents is related to the motivation and the requirement for collaborative action. The willingness and demand for collaboration of co-located agents are especially more prominent in the early stages of a business formation that can result from cost reduction or in the start-ups that are open to new business opportunities and meet investors. The physical environment and social community platforms provided by CWSs can act as an intermediary in the first interaction, yet trust between agents is also crucial for the continuity of knowledge flow that can contribute to innovative processes. |
9. | Methodology for spatial analysis of hybrid renewable energy potential Ahmet Şekeroğlu, Demet Erol doi: 10.14744/megaron.2022.26097 Pages 511 - 525 The increasing growth trends in the urban population and the continuous transformation of management concepts in urban environments have led to an increasing need for integrated and interoperable systems to support and enable the intelligent management of complex systems in cities. The questions of the research; (i) What is the relationship between investment areas and potential areas for wind power plants (WPP), solar power plants (SPP) and biomass power plants (BPP) in Turkey? (ii) What are the regional priority areas for hybrid power plants based on WPP, SPP and BPP in the form? The aim of this article is to reveal the development of Turkey within the global policies that have necessarily evolved into hybrid energy production based on wind, solar and biomass, and to test a method for determining hybrid renewable energy potential areas. The study basically includes two stages. In the first stage, to present the general view and development, the installed power data according to the provinces from the annual reports of the Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA) were mapped with the ArcMap 10.5 interface of ArcGIS software, which is one of the GIS system applications. In the second stage, VIKOR analysis, one of the MCDM methods, was performed to identify potential areas suitable for hybrid use. Accessibility of data, finding, collecting, and transforming the data set is an important step in studies carried out on indicators. Data for 81 provinces were obtained over the 2020 indicators regarding the determination of potential areas. For wind power plants, average wind speed; for solar power plant, average solar radiation times; for a biomass power plant, the amount of waste per capita and the energy equivalents of plant and animal wastes were obtained by requesting the General Directorate of Renewable Energy under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. The data at this stage were transformed and priority areas were determined through numerical indicators. The limitations of this research, which reveal the empirical and methodological contribution, are listed in terms of energy type and scale. While the limitation in terms of energy type is hybrid systems based on wind, solar and biomass, in terms of scale, it covers the determination of potential areas in terms of strategic spatial planning. Within the scope of the study, the adoption of the VIKOR method includes the method to reveal the result based on consensus. In addition to providing this consensus, the method highlights the majority decision in terms of q=0.75 and q=1.00 values and reveals the minority group’s decisions in terms of q=0.25 and q=0.00 conditions. Since the main axis of the study is based on consensus, ranking according to q=0.50 conditions was taken as the basis for potential prioritisation. The results reveal TR52, TR33, TR62, TR72 and TR63 regions as first-order potential regions for hybrid power plants. The replacement of traditional central electricity grid infrastructures with hybrid energy systems will provide opportunities for the integration of renewable energy sources into such systems, as well as reduce energy losses. Such systems will facilitate and accelerate the transition to the energy cooperative system. In addition, it will positively affect the innovative development of countries by increasing the orientation to regional storage and production. Today, the understanding of urban planning has taken “consensus” as its main axis. The VİKOR method, in which multiple decision-making is at the forefront, also emerges as a method that supports the understanding of urban planning. The VIKOR method reveals important information to grasp the potential of renewable energy sources. In the study where hybrid potential areas were determined, TR52, TR33, TR62, TR72 and TR63 regions were in the first place as potential. This information can facilitate the transition of national energy and environmental development to sustainability by helping to establish a developmental vision for sustainable energy systems based on natural resources in the Strategic Spatial Planning process. When it comes to an energy policy developed with plans, the questions for whom, how much, where, what type of resource, how it will be managed, how it will be shared and how it will be distributed remain in the void. In this context, the fact that the VİKOR method answers these questions and is based on multiple decision-making in terms of the answers reveals that it can be used in planning processes. |
10. | Thinking over a participatory model for planning and conservation of cultural heritage in “the port city of Izmir” in the perspective of Historical Urban Landscape (HUL) approach Funda Çatalbaş, Sibel Ecemis Kılıç doi: 10.14744/megaron.2022.64624 Pages 526 - 541 The study is to seek answer “what are the difficulties encountered in the conservation/planning of heritage sites in İzmir in the light of changing socio-economic conditions?” and “to what extent can UNESCO’s historic urban landscape proposal help improve the conservation and management of these areas?” questions. An integrated, holistic and value-based conservation approach makes a participatory process in which urban actors agree on common goals and act together important. In this context, the basic concepts and evaluation parameters proposed by the HUL approach are defined by the texts of the declaration and the relevant literature. Landscape, cultural layers, multiple identities, urban culture, continuity and change, sustainability, stakeholders and multidisciplinary are the prominent concepts. The participatory model, which has an important place in the implementation of the HUL approach, is discussed with the views of the actors through the example of İzmir-Kemeraltı. It is aimed to reveal the problems and develop suggestions for the implementation of the HUL approach for the Kemeraltı region with the actor’s views evaluated over the concepts. It is observed that there are projects at different scales, from the strategic level to the building level, for the protection, maintenance and promotion of tangible and intangible heritage values. In this context, urban stakeholders who actively organise plans, projects and activities for the purposes of protecting, improving and promoting the region in Kemeraltı have been identified. Within the scope of the study, the subject was handled within the framework of what kind of approach should be developed especially in the field of urban planning, and it was aimed to discuss with the senior officials in the planning units of the Institutions that play an active role in the planning / area management / project studies in the region. In this context, although most city planners, actors from different professional groups, especially in non-governmental organisations, were included in face-to-face interviews. In depth interviews were conducted with these actors in the period of August–September 2020, adhering to the semi-structured interview form consisting of open-ended questions, and the data obtained were evaluated with the descriptive content analysis method. The study shows that Izmir Historical Port City is a unique cultural heritage with a superior universal value with its traditional port and trade centre, rich cultural values and cosmopolitan structure. It is thought that the HUL approach will be a guide in the preservation, planning and management of the historical cultural landscape in the Historic Port City of Izmir. In the example of Izmir, the participants expressed the deficiencies in coordination and cooperation in upper-scale plans and in the relationship between spatial planning and area management. It has been observed that there is no common strategic plan agreed on for the protection of cultural heritage. In addition, despite the existing institutional structure and numerous studies, the lack of an up-to-date, easily accessible, holistic database on tangible and intangible heritage and the disconnection between spatial studies and the social and economic dimensions of conservation are other problems. The lack of legal and institutional structure for a plan that will determine the basic strategies, especially at the provincial or regional scale, conflicts of authority between the centre and the local, and the inadequacy of the tools for implementation and incentives have been put forward as problems. It is seen that a holistic, integrated and value-based participatory approach model should be implemented in the region in line with the HUL approach. It is understood that the application of multidisciplinary and participatory planning approaches in the historical port city of Izmir will play an important role in ensuring holistic protection and sustainable development. Protected areas of the city should be considered in plans, not as isolated areas, but as a tool to unite the historical and modern city and improve urban development. Conserving the tangible and intangible heritage and maintaining the common identity of the society should be among the priorities of urban and regional planning. It is also important in terms of cultural tourism to protect the landscape and cultural values that constitute the construction of cultural diversity. In this context, there is a need to evaluate the conservation and tourism policies at the regional level to integrate the city with the surrounding settlements. In this context, based on the HUL approach, a model has been put forward that defines the stakeholders regarding information and planning, community participation, regulation and financing tools in the Historic Port City of Izmir. |
11. | Deconstruction application model for urban transformation projects Ebru Doğan, Ilkay Koman doi: 10.14744/megaron.2022.90267 Pages 542 - 559 In the demolition activities carried out within the scope of urban transformation, buildings are removed in an uncontrolled manner without taking the dismantling and recovery possibilities into consideration. While traditional methods used in demolition cause structural waste, consumption of energy and natural resource, they also result in significant environmental and health problems. In order to prevent these problems, more environmentally friendly solutions should be produced. The concept of deconstruction, as an alternative to the demolition of buildings, is one of the solutions considered. The concept of building deconstruction helps to reduce or completely eliminate the negative effects of demolition by ensuring the demolition activities which has to be carried out in a planned and controlled manner. The concept of building deconstruction analyses the current state of the building and its surroundings before demolition. In addition, it enables the determination of the preventive measures to be taken during the demolition phase, the tools, methods, methods and teams to be used. In order to run the demolition process in accordance with the building deconstruction process, it requires the implementation and inspection of all the determined elements on the field. Moreover, the systematic progress of the demolition process is possible with the coordinated work of many contributors such as contractors, architects, engineers, implementation crew, etc. In this study, an evaluation model convenient for building deconstruction was developed in order to contribute to the execution and supervision of the demolition process in accordance with the building deconstruction. It was intended that local governments and supervisory firms assess and inspect the demolition activities in urban transformation sites by deploying the model developed. Therewith, it was aimed that the companies and teams in the demolition team has to design and implement the process in accordance with the building deconstruction. The problem was defined in this study that prepared to form a building deconstruction evaluation model for the field of urban transformation; and its purpose, scope and method are explained. A literature review was effected on the basic concepts, and general information about urban transformation and deconstruction and the relationship between these concepts was put forward. Building deconstruction criteria are examined in the model. A survey study was conducted to determine the applicability of the building deconstruction concept in urban transformation in Turkey. The survey was applied to the companies operating urban transformation activities and being members of AİDER (Association of Anatolian Side Construction Contractors). The answers to the questionnaire are evaluated using the SPSS 24.0 (Statistical Package for Social Science) program. Depending on the findings obtained; - The general approaches of the companies related to the concept of building deconstruction were determined. - The strengths and weaknesses of the companies were determined in the application of building deconstruction criteria. Strengths and weaknesses within the company (based on survey results), and the external opportunities and threats (legal regulations, position of the other sectors, etc.) were analysed by SWOT analysis method for the application of building deconstruction criteria in demolition works in the field of urban transformation. In accordance with the analysis, strategies were determined for each criterion. Since the SWOT analysis is static and subjective, the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method was used to compare the criteria and strategies obtained for measuring and evaluating. Relative levels of importance were given to criteria and strategies by field experts. By deploying the AHP method, the criteria and strategies were ranked in compliance with their importance. The SuperDecision program was used for ranking. A scoring system was used to measure the criteria and strategies based on qualitative data used in the evaluation model. Based on the scoring, the conformity degrees of the criteria and strategies for building deconstruction were obtained. In order to report back to the companies on the faulty and incomplete applications in the demolition process, the pre-demolition and post-demolition processes were scored and evaluated separately. Afterward, both processes were evaluated together and the total score of the building deconstruction and the percentage value were obtained. According to the building deconstruction percentage value obtained, the degree of conformity of the demolition works carried out within the scope of urban transformation to building deconstruction was determined. The model was applied to a building in a risky region after the Elazig earthquake, which had minor damage but was declared risky according to the earthquake regulations and demolished within the scope of urban transformation. The findings obtained, the contribution of the model to current and future studies, and the necessary conditions for the implementation of the model are explained in the conclusion and discussion section. |
12. | Spatial solution with shape grammar: Sample area ÇOMÜ Terzioğlu Campus Elif Sağlık doi: 10.14744/megaron.2022.32659 Pages 560 - 574 The architectural language is considered an auxiliary subject in this study in the axis of the concept of language. The basic subject of the study is the concept of shape grammar. Analysis studies aimed at separating the language into its elements and examining the relationship between these elements can also be done in architectural language. This situation reveals the similarity between language and architectural language. However, while creating products in the language time dimension, architectural language is based on space dimension. Communication between spaces and users is provided by the architectural language. The shape is considered a communication language within the architectural discipline. In architectural language, grammatical rules are applied or read through shapes. Shape grammars, one of the rule-based design methods, are used to create an algorithmic design language, analyse it or perform both actions. Shape grammars offer the opportunity to work at different scales on which design is the basis. According to the literature research, the examples in which the grammar of shape is used have generally developed in the axis of architectural identity in an urban scale. In this study, shape grammar has been used in open spaces on the university campus, which has an important value among urban actors. The analysis of the open spaces on the campus with the form grammar creates a different scale in which this technique is used and reveals the originality of the study. In this direction, the Terzioglu Campus of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University has been chosen as the main material in the study, a large-scale city element that stands out with the educational function of the city of Çanakkale. There are education and administrative units, social areas and student dormitories on the campus. In the campus, open space places consisting of the structure and its immediate surroundings, transportation axis, walking, sitting, resting, cruising and being alone, multi participant activity area are considered as campus components. Within the scope of the purpose of the study, shape grammar constitutes the basic method for analysing the location of the campus components and their relationship with each other. In this study, in which the concept of shape grammar is the basic method; in the analysis of open places, the approach of analysing an existing architectural language with shape grammar is taken as a basis. These regions, which add attribution to the campus texture, formed the determinant data in the shape grammar analysis. Based on the data, an abstraction study has been made. In the abstraction phase made on the campus plan, it was observed that polygonal areas emerged as a result of the intersection of gradual transportation axes. These areas, which form the first shape, were defined as “regions” within the scope of the study. Regions are represented by four components: the transport axis (U), the academic structure (A), the social area (S) and the green area (Y). Regions (A, B, C, D, E, F) are divided into sub-regions according to social spaces that are most preferred by the campus users, where social needs are met, and those offer opportunities for activities such as ceremonies, events, cruising, resting, chatting, being alone. Accordingly, an abstraction was made within the scope of three sub-regions for zone A and two sub-regions in the D region. In the B, C, E, F regions, since the social space for students is not sufficient and they use the front pockets of the canteens/cafes in the academic structure in this direction, no sub-region was created. The geometric analysis of the sub-regions has been made on the structuring grid and the initial shape was reached with the decomposition of the green areas, social areas, and transportation components, respectively, so as to provide access from the whole to the part. As a result of the analysis with the form grammar, it has been seen that the academic/administrative building is the pioneer in the development of open spaces, the primary and secondary transportation axis surrounds this structure, and the social and green space components are articulated to the building and transportation components in the resulting open spaces. With the shape grammar that emerged as a result of the study, it is possible to predict possible typologies for a new open-space design. It is expected that the shape grammar rule sets will be beneficial in the design process in the design studies to be carried out for the open space places of the campus, which has high working, development and change dynamics. |