Urban designers have paid a lot of attention to view quality recently to enhance the standard of the urban environment for people to live in. This study was conducted to achieve an optimal model of visibility among buildings and public spaces. To this end, three indices, i.e., “view from public space to the surrounding space”, “view from the building to adjacent buildings”, and “view from the building to open space”, were investigated, considering the physical-spatial structure and visual privacy. To represent physical space and analyse views, three-dimensional isovist was used in this study to quantitatively evaluate the visibility of the neighborhood unit scale. First, three categories of physical characteristics that affect vision were established: “spatial layers,” “properties of mass-space components,” and “spatial qualities.” Next, spatial qualities were explained to evaluate, select, and relate them to each of the isovist variables. Isovist variables effective in measuring the three research indices were identified using the Delphi technique and six variables of volume, area, perimeter, obstruction, length of minimum, and maximum line of sight in three sites in the north of Persian Gulf Lake in Tehran were evaluated. The findings demonstrated that factors like severe spatial enclosure, high building density, proximity of blocks, block shape, building height distribution, and uniform skyline increased the visibility of buildings, leading to weak visual privacy and a diminished view of open space from inside buildings and public spaces. The site with the best conditions for optimal visibility was found using the sum of quantitative visual values, and an integrated model for calculating optimal visibility was then introduced.

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Bu çalýþma, Tebriz'in geleneksel ticaret aksýný yeniden düzenlemek için tasarlanan büyük ölçekli bir kentsel projenin parçasý olan Sahibabad Meydaný'nýn renovasyonunu deðerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadýr. Uygulanan ilk aþama ciddi bir mali baþarýsýzlýkla karþý karþýya kaldýðý için proje on yýldan fazla bir süredir durdurulmuþtur. Geçtiðimiz yüzyýlda dramatik bir kentsel deðiþim yaþayan Ýran þehirlerinde tarihi alanlarýn yenilenmesi önemli bir görev haline gelmiþtir. Bu çalýþma, çaðdaþ Ýran þehirlerinde tarihi baðlamlarýn tasarlanmasýnda Kentsel Morfolojinin önemini vurgulamaktadýr. Tebriz'in kentsel dönüþümü, modernleþme hareketinin etkilerini anlamak için þehir ölçeðinde analiz edilmektedir. Mekan Dizimi analiz yöntemi, tarihi Sahibabad Meydan'ýn mekansal nitelikleri nasýl deðiþtiðini göstermek için kullanýlmýþtýr. Modern sokaklarýn Sahibabad Meydan'ýn performansýný etkileyen güçlü kentsel unsurlar haline geldiði ortaya çýktý. Meydanýn gelecekteki renovasyonu için iki senaryo düþünülmüþtür. Yenileme projesinin geleceði için iki hipotez düþünülüyor. Daraie Caddesi, Sahibabad Meydan'ýn görünürlüðü, eriþilebilirliði ve merkeziliði üzerinde önemli bir etki yarattýðý için bu anlamda önemli bir rol oynamaktadýr. Görsel Entegrasyon (Visual Integration) ve Katsayý Kümelenmesi (Clustering Coefficient) ölçülerin korelasyonu, meydanýn ancak Daraie Caddesi kapatýlýrsa baþarýlý bir kamusal alan olacaðýný ortaya koymaktadýr. Bu çalýþma, deðiþen tarihsel baðlamda kentsel morfolojik analizlerin önemini vurgulamaktadýr.

The present study aims to evaluate the renovation of Sahibabad Meydan which is part of a large-scale urban project designed to reorganise the traditional commercial axis of Tabriz. The project has been stalled for more than a decade as the implemented first phase encountered a serious financial failure. The renovation of historic sites has become an important task in Iranian cities that experienced a dramatic urban change over the past century. The present study highlights the importance of Urban Morphology in designing historic contexts in contemporary Iranian cities. The urban transformation of Tabriz is analysed at the city level to understand the impacts of the modernisation movement. The analytical method of Space Syntax is used to illustrate how the spatial quality of historic Sahibabad Meydan has been changed. It is revealed that the modern streets have become powerful urban elements that affect the performance of Sahibabad Meydan. Two hypotheses are considered for the future of the renovation project. Daraie Street plays a significant role in this sense as it makes a considerable impact on the visibility, accessibility, and centrality of Sahibabad Meydan. The correlation of Visual Integration and Clustering Coefficient measures reveals that the meydan will be a successful public space only if Daraie Street is closed. The present study underlines the significance of urban morphological analyses in the changing historic context. Providing the opportunity for a comparative study, Space Syntax contributes to the prediction of the future performance of an urban project.

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Mekânsal kalite araþtýrmalarý, nicel ve nitel araþtýrma yöntemleri ile gözlem veya anket gibi farklý teknikler kullanýlarak gerçekleþtirilir. Çalýþmanýn amacý mekansal konfigürasyona odaklanan mekan dizimi yöntemi ve sosyallik, kullaným- aktiviteler, eriþim – baðlantýlar ve konfor – imaj ilkeleri ile kentlerin sosyo-kültürel nitelikleri üzerinden mekansal kalitenin kavranmasýný saðlayan Project for Public Spaces (PPS) yaklaþýmýnýn karþýlaþtýrmalý analizini yapmaktýr. Bu çalýþma, Ýstanbul'un tarihi yarýmadasýnda yer alan Beyazýt Ýlçesi'nin mekansal kalitesini ölçmek ve incelemek için bu iki yöntemi kullanmaktadýr. Sonuç olarak, mekan diziminde elde edilen yerel ve küresel entegrasyon, baðlanabilirlik ve anlaþýlabilirlik deðerleri kentsel mekan kalitesi ölçümü için veri olarak kullanýlabilir. Ancak, PPS sonuçlarý ile space syntax verileri arasýnda farklýlýklar vardýr. Bu fark, mekansal konfigürasyona baðlý ve ondan baðýmsýz kalite parametrelerinin belirlenmesini saðlamaktadýr. Bu iki yöntemin birlikte kullanýlmasýnýn kentsel kalite ölçümünde kapsamlý ve güvenilir sonuçlar için yeni bir alternatif yaklaþým sunabileceði sonucuna varýlmýþtýr.

Spatial quality research is conducted using quantitative and qualitative research methods and techniques such as observation or surveys. The aim of the study is to make a comparative analysis of two research methods; the space syntax method, which focuses on a spatial configuration, and the Project for Public Spaces (PPS) approach, which focuses on the quality of urban spaces through principles defined as sociability, linkages and access, uses and activities, comfort and image, which enable understanding the socio-cultural characteristics of the area. This study uses these two methods to examine the concept of quality in urban space in order to measure the spatial quality of Beyazit Square and its surroundings in the historical peninsula of Istanbul. As a result, space syntax numerical values of integration, connectivity and intelligibility can be used as data for measuring the quality of urban space. However, there are differences between the PPS results and the spatial configuration data. This difference enables the identification of quality parameters that are dependent on and independent of the spatial configuration. Through this combined approach, the impact of spatial configuration on spatial quality is investigated. It is concluded that the combination of these two methods can provide a new alternative approach for comprehensive and reliable results in the quality measurement of urban spaces.

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Yýldýz Sarayý’nýn önemli yapýlarýndan biri olan Çit Kasrý, 19. Yüzyýlýn 2. yarýsýnda Sultan Abdülaziz döneminde, muhtemelen mimar Sarkis Balyan tarafýndan planlanmýþ ve inþa edilmiþtir. Ýç mekân duvarlarýný kaplayan ve “çhit” olarak adlandýrýlan kumaþtan dolayý “Çit adlandýrýlan yapý; Osmanlý döneminde yabancý devlet görevlilerinin ve elçilerin Osmanlý sultanýnýn huzuruna kabul edildiði ve önemli devlet iþlerinin görüþüldüðü bir yer olarak kullanýlmýþtýr. Cumhuriyet döneminde önce Askeri Akademi tarafýndan kütüphane olarak kullanýlan yapý, 1982 yýlýnda Ýslam, Tarih, Sanat ve Kültür Araþtýrma Merkezi’ne (IRCICA) býrakýlmýþ ve 2017 yýlýna kadar araþtýrmacý kütüphanesi, sergi ve konferans salonu olarak kullanýlmýþtýr.

Çit Kasrý; kýsmi bir bodrum katý olan tek katlý, kâgir yapýdýr. Genellikle ithal malzeme ile inþa edilmiþ olup, plan þemasý, yapým tekniði ve iç mekân dekorasyonunda batý etkisi görülmekte, ancak cephelerinde Türk- Ýslam mimarisinden izler taþýmaktadýr. Osmanlý mimarlýðýnda çimento malzemenin, prefabrik suni taþ elemanlarýn ve iç mekân duvarlarýnýn atlas kumaþ ile dekorasyonunun ilk kez bu yapýda kullanýldýðý düþünülmektedir.

Yapýnýn ilk onarýmý 1883 yýlýnda, Osmanlý döneminde yapýlmýþtýr. Binanýn son onarýmý ise 1982 – 1983 yýllarýnda gerçekleþtirilmiþtir. Bu restorasyon binanýn kendine has özelliklerini korumuþ ve yýllarca ayakta kalmasýný saðlamýþtýr. Yapýnýn tarihi belge, özgünlük, eskilik, estetik ve enderlik deðerleri mümkün olduðunca korunmuþtur. Çit Kasrý, Yýldýz Sarayý'ný yeniden birleþtirme projesi kapsamýnda 2017 yýlýnda boþaltýlmýþtýr. Günümüzde atýl durumda olan yapý, onarýlmayý ve yeniden kullanýlmayý beklemektedir.

Çit Kasrý ile ilgili yayýn sayýsý çok az olup, yayýnlarýn içeriði genellikle yapýnýn tarihçesi ile ilgilidir. 1982-1983 restorasyonunu özetleyen bir broþür basýlmasýna raðmen, bugüne kadar bu restorasyonun aþamalarýný belgeleyen ve dayandýðý esaslarý detaylandýran bir yayýn yapýlmamýþtýr.

Yýldýz Sarayý'nýn kimliðini belirlemek için Sarayý oluþturan yapýlarýn detaylý bir þekilde araþtýrýlmasý ve elde edilen bilgilerin paylaþýlmasý gerekmektedir. Bu çalýþmanýn amacý, yeni bir restorasyon sürecinde olan Çit Kasrý'nýn özgün deðerlerini ortaya çýkarmak, 1982-1983 yýllarý arasýnda geçirdiði onarýmý deðerlendirmek, bu onarýmdan elde edilen bilgileri ve güncel koruma sorunlarýný akademik çevreyle paylaþmak ve yeni restorasyon için veri saðlamaktýr. Araþtýrma, yapýnýn restorasyon öncesi yapýlmýþ olan rölöve çizimlerine, onarým sýrasýnda yapýdan elde edilen bilgilere ve restorasyon öncesi ve sonrasý çekilen fotoðraflara dayanmaktadýr.

Çit Kasrý which is one of the important buildings in the Yýldýz Palace was constructed in the mid-19th century. It was probably designed and built by Sarkis Balyan, during the reign of Sultan Abdülaziz. The building is known as the “Çit Kasrý” because of the cloth material called “chit” that covered the interior walls. The ambassadors and officials of foreign states were received in this building.
The Kasýr is a single-story building of masonry construction with a partial basement. It was built generally of imported materials. In Ottoman architecture; cement materials, prefabricated imitation stone elements, and interior space decoration covered with silk cloth were certainly used for the first time in this building.
The building was repaired in 1982–1983 by the Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture. It was vacated in 2017 as part of the project to reunify the Yýldýz Palace. Today, the building, which is currently idle, is waiting to be repaired and reused.
This study’s aim is to reveal the original values of Çit Kasrý which is in a new restoration process, to evaluate the last restoration, to share the information obtained from this restoration and the current conservation problems of the building with the academic community, and to provide data for the new restoration planned in the future. The research is based on the survey drawings of the building before the restoration, the information obtained from the building during the repair, and the photographs taken before and after the restoration

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Kent pullarý, ait olduklarý ülkenin kültürel, sosyal, ekonomik, tarihsel, turistik, mimari gibi çok çeþitli ulusal kimlik deðerlerini yansýtan ve kentlerin tanýtýlmasýnda etkin rol alan önemli tarihsel belgelerdir. Pullar, üzerlerindeki yapý, eser, konu, tema gibi bilgiler aracýlýðý ile bir kentin, bir ülkenin tarihini nitelemektedir. Bu çalýþmanýn konusu, 1958-1960 yýllarý arasýnda basýlmýþ olan Türkiye’nin 67 vilayetine ait “Büyük Memleket Þehirleri” posta pullarýnýn, kent ve mimari ölçekte yansýtmak istediði çevresel kimliði anlamaya çalýþmaktýr. Çalýþma kapsamýnda, pullarýn resmedildikleri tarihteki sanatçýnýn imgelem alanýndaki kentsel çevrede kimlik algýsý ele alýnmýþtýr. Ýmgesel özellik gösteren ögeler, çalýþmanýn kavramsal ve kuramsal yaklaþýmýnda ortaya koyulan yapay ve doðal çevre kimlik bileþenleri kullanýlarak analiz edilmiþtir. Çalýþma üç temel aþamada kurgulanmýþ, birinci aþamada pullar, bölgesel olarak gruplandýrýlmýþ ve üzerinde mekânsal okuma gerçekleþtirilmiþtir. Ýkinci aþamada, çevresel kimliði oluþturan kriter aðýrlýklarýnýn belirlenmesi için analitik hiyerarþi süreci yöntemi kullanýlmýþtýr. Üçüncü aþamada, vilayetlerin yansýtmýþ olduðu kent kimliði (çevresel) algýsý, sayýsallaþtýrýlan veri setlerinin birlikte deðerlendirilmesi ile bölgesel olarak yorumlanmýþtýr. Çalýþmanýn sonunda çevresel kimlik algýsýnýn, bölgelere göre farklýlýklara sahip olduðu görülmüþtür. Deðiþen çevre koþullarýyla ayný bileþenin farklý bir kentte, insan üzerinde býraktýðý etkinin deðiþtiði ve kimlik oluþumunu farklý oranlarda etkilediði görülmüþtür. Soyut bir veri olan kimlik algýsýnýn, seçilen yöntemler ile ölçülebilir nitelikte olduðu ortaya koyulmuþtur. Ayrýca pullar, üzerinde yer alan kent resimleri ile tarihsel bir dönemi ve kültürel mirasý yansýtmasý nedeniyle, kent belleði aracý olarak korunmasý gereken belge niteliði taþýmaktadýr.

Türkiye is a unique country with its natural beauties, historical and archaeological heritage, socio-cultural life. Each of these characteristics gives a local urban identity for each city. The Great Country Cities series of postage stamps in the Republic of Türkiye belonging to 67 cities showing the photographs of the cities were printed between 1958-1960. Stamps as an inventory and a tool for urban memory express our national identity. By creating stamp illustrations that show the natural and artificial environment of cities, they have become a visual communication tool that allows cities to be promoted and reach a wide audience.
In this study, which is about environmental identity analysis, it is selected the Great Country Cities series of postage stamp to study the perception of the city of the photographer(s).The intuitive approach of the photographer while photographing the urban environment has led to the promotion of cities by reaching large audiences through stamps. This study aims to reveal the perception of the urban environment that influences these artists' decisions when photographing cities. Therefore, the study is carried to determine the environmental identity components and image elements of the urban area on the city stamps. Thus, the perception of the city by the artist who photographs cities would be revealed.
This study evaluated the artist's perception when these stamps were photographed. There are three stages to the study. In the first stage, the city stamps are grouped regionally and the environmental identity elements are analysed according to the city image components. In the second stage, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is used to determine the weights of the criteria constituting the environmental identity. At the third stage, the perception of urban identity (environmental) that the artist/artists who photographed cities wanted to emphasise about that cities were evaluated comparatively with weighted criteria. At the end of the study, it is seen that the environmental urban identity perception has regional differences, and the image elements of the cities are revealed. When the regional analysis findings were compared with the AHP method; It is seen that the order of the criteria weights of the artificial environment components and the order of the graphical reading (findings obtained in accordance with the Gestalt theory and Lynch city image component analysis) findings, which are considered regionally, are the same. When the natural environmental components are examined regionally; in all regions, geographical features are the first element that comprises the environmental identity, followed by natural vegetation, and finally by water. When the artificial environmental components are examined regionally; in all regions, urban image element make up the first component of environmental identity, followed by urban masses and urban transportation network. It is seen that urban void is the least perceived artificial environmental component in all regions. As a result, regional differences are seen in environmental identity perception. Moreover, as environmental conditions change in different cities, the same component affects identity formation at different rates and has varying effects on people. Thus, studying environmental identity requires evaluation of the natural environment in conjunction with the artificial environment because they are inseparable.
According to the study's outputs that natural and artificial environmental components need to be evaluated holistically in urban identity studies. It is demonstrated that the perception of identity, which is intangible data, can be measured by used method. In terms of supporting the results of the regional analysis, the use of the AHP method in evaluating environmental identity is regarded positively. Stamps serve as an urban memory tool, conserving a historical era and cultural heritage as documents. This study is important because it introduces the components that reflect the past urban identities of the 67 cities studied. It is known that there are changes in the identities of these cities with the different historical layers and environmental variables they have today. Thus, the city postage stamp as urban memory tool is an effective inventory of preserving and recording urban identity information of the historical cities that describing a era.

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Genel olarak, yürüyüþ yollarýnýn çekici fiziksel özellikleri ile yayalarýn yürüyüþ tercihleri arasýnda pozitif bir iliþki vardýr. Bireylerin algýsal deðerlendirme ve biliþsel süreçleri sonucunda ortaya çýkan tercihleri, çevrenin fiziksel özelliklerinin yaný sýra bireysel özelliklerinden de etkilenmektedir. Son yýllarda akýlcý tasarýmcýlarýn oluþturduðu kentlerde iþlevsellik ön plana çýkarýlmýþ, kullanýcýlarýn algýlarý göz ardý edilmiþtir. Bu çalýþma, farklý uzmanlýk ve eðitim gruplarýnýn algý ve tercihleri arasýndaki farklýlýklarý incelemeyi ve kentsel tasarým projelerinde mekanýn biçimsel niteliklerini tanýmlayan uzman görüþlerinin yaný sýra kullanýcý algýlarýnýn da dikkate alýnmasý gerektiðini vurgulamayý amaçlamýþtýr. Yürüyüþ rotasýnýn en önemli fiziksel özelliklerinden biri formu ve geometrisidir ve bireylerin algýsal deðerlendirmeleri ve tercihleri üzerinde etkilidir. Bu çalýþmada, algýyý etkileyen diðer faktörler sabit tutularak, kentsel tasarým alanýnda eðitim almýþ 72 katýlýmcý ve bu alanda eðitim almamýþ 87 katýlýmcý olmak üzere iki farklý grupla - Düz veya Eðri - sokak formlarýna iliþkin tercihleri incelenmiþtir. Katýlýmcýlara düz ve kavisli sokak seçeneklerinden oluþan beþ sokak görünümü gösterilmiþ ve tercih ettikleri seçeneði gerekçeleriyle belirlemeleri istenilmiþtir. Ýki grubun yanýtlarýndan elde edilen verilerin karþýlaþtýrýlmasý sonucunda kentsel tasarým eðitimi alan katýlýmcýlar aðýrlýklý olarak düz geometrili sokaklarý tercih ederken, diðer grup kavisli sokaklarý tercih etmiþtir. Çalýþmada tercih sebebi olarak iki kavram üzerinde aðýrlýklý olarak durulmuþtur: Düzen ve Gizem. Kentsel tasarým alanýnda eðitim almýþ katýlýmcýlar sokaðý tercih etme nedenlerini aðýrlýklý olarak Düzen betimleyicisi ile açýklarken, diðer katýlýmcýlar tercih nedeni olarak daha çok Gizem betimlemesini kullanmýþlardýr.

Generally, there is a positive relationship between the walking routes’ attractive physical features and pedestrians’ preferences for walking. Individuals’ preferences that emerge as a result of the perceptual evaluation and cognitive processes are affected by individual characteristics as well as the environment’s physical features. In recent years, in cities formed by rational designers, functionality has been emphasised, and users’ perceptions have been ignored. This study aimed to examine the differences between perceptions and preferences of different expertise and educational groups and emphasise that the user’s perceptions should be considered besides the experts’ opinions who define the formal qualities of the space in urban design projects. One of the most important walking route’s physical features is its form and geometry, and it is effective on individuals’ perceptual evaluations and preferences. In this study, keeping the other factors affecting perception constant, preferences regarding street forms – Straight or Curved – were investigated with two different groups, 72 participants who were educated in the urban design field and 87 participants who were not educated in this field. Five street views consisting of straight and curved street options were shown to the participants, and they were asked to determine their preferred option with reason. As a result of comparing the data obtained from the responses of two groups, while the participants who received urban design education mainly preferred streets with straight geometry, the other group preferred curved streets. In the study, two concepts were greatly emphasised for reasons of preferences: Order and Mystery. While the participants who were educated in the urban design field explained the reason for preferring the street with the Order descriptive mainly, other participants mostly used the Mystery descriptive as a reason for preference.

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Bireysel ve serbest istihdam olanaklarýný içeren yeni iþ pratiklerinin geliþmesiyle birlikte çalýþma alanlarý daha esnek, mesafe ve sabit mekânlardan baðýmsýz bir yapýya evrilmiþtir. Bu kapsamda ortaya çýkan ortak çalýþma alanlarý, bir topluluk içinde yer alan bireyler ve farklý gruplarýn etkileþimine olanak saðlayan yeni platformlardýr. Ýlgili araþtýrma Ýstanbul’da ortak çalýþma alanlarýnýn geliþme süreci, konumsal örüntüleri ve bu mekânlarda bireyler-firmalar arasýndaki iþbirliði ve bilgi akýþý dinamiklerini anlamayý hedeflemektedir. Farklý sektörlerden kullanýcýlar, ortak çalýþma alaný giriþimcileri ve yöneticilerini içeren 20 yarý yapýlandýrýlmýþ görüþme gerçekleþtirilmiþtir. Ýlgili görüþmelerin sonuçlarý üzerinden çalýþma, bu mekanlarda yer alan aktörlerin etkileþiminin, iþbirliðine dayalý faaliyetlere karþý motivasyon ve gereksinime dayandýðýný ortaya koymaktadýr. Bu aktörlerin iþbirliði isteði ve talepleri, firma kuruluþunun erken aþamalarýnda maliyet azaltma amaçlý ya da yeni proje fýrsatlarýna ve yatýrýmcýlarla tanýþmaya açýk olan giriþimlerde daha belirgindir. Ortak çalýþma alanlarý tarafýndan saðlanan fiziksel çevre ve sosyal topluluk platformlarý etkileþimlerin gerçekleþmesinde aracý olmakla birlikte aktörler arasý güven, yenilikçi süreçleri destekleyecek bilgi akýþlarýnýn devamlýlýðýnda önem taþýmaktadýr.

The new working practices, which include individualised and freelance employment options, affected the nature of workspaces and transformed them into more flexible and less dependent on distance and fixed places. Accordingly, co-working spaces (CWSs) are the new platforms that initiate an environment for interaction between different groups or individuals in a community. This research aims to represent the development process and location patterns of CWSs in Istanbul and the dynamics of collaboration and knowledge flow between individuals or firms in CWSs. In this context, 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted with users from different sectors, managers, and founders of spaces. By presenting the results of the in-depth interviews, the research argues that interaction among co-located agents is related to the motivation and the requirement for collaborative action. The willingness and demand for collaboration of co-located agents are especially more prominent in the early stages of a business formation that can result from cost reduction or in the start-ups that are open to new business opportunities and meet investors. The physical environment and social community platforms provided by CWSs can act as an intermediary in the first interaction, yet trust between agents is also crucial for the continuity of knowledge flow that can contribute to innovative processes.

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Son yýllarda ülkelerin politikalarý yenilenebilir enerji üretimine yoðunlaþsa da dünya genelinde fosil yakýtlara baðýmlýlýk oraný oldukça yüksektir. Yenilenebilir enerjiye artan ilgi, beraberinde ülkelerin yenilikçi enerji politikalarýný çeþitlendirmiþtir. Tek bir yenilenebilir enerji kaynaðýna baðlý üretim, toplam enerji talebi karþýsýnda yetersiz kalmaktadýr. Yenilenebilir kaynaklarýn ikili veya daha fazla kullanýmýný içeren hibrit sistemler birden fazla enerji sistemini bir araya getirerek, bölgedeki enerji talebini karþýlamakta ve ülkelerin enerji stratejisi için umut verici olmaktadýr. Araþtýrma yenilenebilir enerjiye yönelimin artmasý gerektiði ve verimin sürekliliði açýsýndan hibrit enerji sistemlerinin gerekliliðini savunmaktadýr. Güneþ enerji santrali ve rüzgar enerji santrali ana kaynaklarý, deðiþken ve kesikli olabilmektedir. Enerjinin sürdürülebilir olmasý açýsýndan sürekli üretimin olduðu biyokütle enerji santralleri ile hibrit bir þekilde entegre edilmesi elektrik üretiminin sürekliliði açýsýndan önemli bir alternatiftir. Araþtýrmanýn amacý Türkiye’de rüzgar, güneþ ve biyokütle enerji kaynaklarýna dayalý hibrit enerji santralleri için potansiyel alanlarýn belirlenmesinde bir yöntem önermektir. Bu kapsamda bilimsel bilgiye bakýþtaki deðiþimle birlikte, çoklu karar vermeye yönelen kent planlama geliþimi açýsýndan, uzlaþýyý esas alan VÝKOR yöntemi ile potansiyel alanlarýn önceliklendirilmesi ve sýralamasý Ýstatistiki Bölge Birimleri Sýnýflandýrmasý (ÝBBS) Düzey 2’ye göre oluþturulmuþtur. Kullanýlan yöntemde deðerlendirme kriterleri; ortalama rüzgar hýzý deðerleri (m/s), ortalama güneþ ýþýným deðerleri (kWh/yýl), bitki, hayvan ve belediye atýklarýnýn enerji eþ deðeri (TEP/yýl), karar alternatifleri ise 26 istatistiki bölgeyi kapsayacak þekilde matriks elde edilmiþtir. Ayýca yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarýnýn mekânsal geliþimi, coðrafi bilgi sistemleri uygulamalarýndan olan ArcGIS yazýlýmý ile haritalandýrýlarak ortaya koyulmuþtur. Çalýþma sonucunda Türkiye’de hibrit enerji santrali bakýmýndan en fazla potansiyele sahip TR52’de yer alan Konya-Karaman bölgesi olurken mevcut durumda güneþ enerjisi, rüzgar enerjisi ve biyokütle kurulu güç bakýmýndan da bu bölgenin ön sýralarda olduðu görülmektedir. Çalýþmanýn diðer önemli bir sonucu da mevcut kurulu güç alanlarý ile çalýþmada benimsenen VÝKOR yöntemi sonuçlarý arasýnda paralellik olmasý, yöntemin mekânsal planlama süreçlerinde uygulanabilir olduðunu ortaya koymaktadýr.

The increasing growth trends in the urban population and the continuous transformation of management concepts in urban environments have led to an increasing need for integrated and interoperable systems to support and enable the intelligent management of complex systems in cities. The questions of the research; (i) What is the relationship between investment areas and potential areas for wind power plants (WPP), solar power plants (SPP) and biomass power plants (BPP) in Turkey? (ii) What are the regional priority areas for hybrid power plants based on WPP, SPP and BPP in the form?
The aim of this article is to reveal the development of Turkey within the global policies that have necessarily evolved into hybrid energy production based on wind, solar and biomass, and to test a method for determining hybrid renewable energy potential areas. The study basically includes two stages. In the first stage, to present the general view and development, the installed power data according to the provinces from the annual reports of the Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA) were mapped with the ArcMap 10.5 interface of ArcGIS software, which is one of the GIS system applications.
In the second stage, VIKOR analysis, one of the MCDM methods, was performed to identify potential areas suitable for hybrid use. Accessibility of data, finding, collecting, and transforming the data set is an important step in studies carried out on indicators. Data for 81 provinces were obtained over the 2020 indicators regarding the determination of potential areas. For wind power plants, average wind speed; for solar power plant, average solar radiation times; for a biomass power plant, the amount of waste per capita and the energy equivalents of plant and animal wastes were obtained by requesting the General Directorate of Renewable Energy under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. The data at this stage were transformed and priority areas were determined through numerical indicators.
The limitations of this research, which reveal the empirical and methodological contribution, are listed in terms of energy type and scale. While the limitation in terms of energy type is hybrid systems based on wind, solar and biomass, in terms of scale, it covers the determination of potential areas in terms of strategic spatial planning.
Within the scope of the study, the adoption of the VIKOR method includes the method to reveal the result based on consensus. In addition to providing this consensus, the method highlights the majority decision in terms of q=0.75 and q=1.00 values and reveals the minority group’s decisions in terms of q=0.25 and q=0.00 conditions. Since the main axis of the study is based on consensus, ranking according to q=0.50 conditions was taken as the basis for potential prioritisation. The results reveal TR52, TR33, TR62, TR72 and TR63 regions as first-order potential regions for hybrid power plants. The replacement of traditional central electricity grid infrastructures with hybrid energy systems will provide opportunities for the integration of renewable energy sources into such systems, as well as reduce energy losses. Such systems will facilitate and accelerate the transition to the energy cooperative system. In addition, it will positively affect the innovative development of countries by increasing the orientation to regional storage and production.
Today, the understanding of urban planning has taken “consensus” as its main axis. The VÝKOR method, in which multiple decision-making is at the forefront, also emerges as a method that supports the understanding of urban planning. The VIKOR method reveals important information to grasp the potential of renewable energy sources. In the study where hybrid potential areas were determined, TR52, TR33, TR62, TR72 and TR63 regions were in the first place as potential. This information can facilitate the transition of national energy and environmental development to sustainability by helping to establish a developmental vision for sustainable energy systems based on natural resources in the Strategic Spatial Planning process. When it comes to an energy policy developed with plans, the questions for whom, how much, where, what type of resource, how it will be managed, how it will be shared and how it will be distributed remain in the void. In this context, the fact that the VÝKOR method answers these questions and is based on multiple decision-making in terms of the answers reveals that it can be used in planning processes.

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Çalýþma, kentsel dinamikler içerisinde Ýzmir'de miras alanlarýnýn korunmasý ve planlamasýnda karþýlaþýlan zorluklarýn neler olduðuna, UNESCO'nun tarihi kentsel peyzaj önerisinin bu alanlarýn korunmasý ve yönetiminin iyileþtirilmesine ne ölçüde etki edeceði sorularýna yanýt aramaktadýr. Çalýþmanýn amacý; Dünya Miras Alaný adayý olan Kemeraltý bölgesinin kentsel aktörlerinin ortak amaçlarla hareket edebildiði bir katýlým süreci doðrultusunda bütünlüklü olarak deðerlendirilebilme imkâný sunan “Historic Urban Landscape (HUL)” yaklaþýmýyla ele alýnmasýdýr. Kemeraltý bölgesinde plan, proje vb. düzenleyen kentsel paydaþlarýn tespit edilebilmesi amacýyla çalýþmalar incelenerek, Ýzmir Ýli kültürel mirasýn korunmasý açýsýndan bilgi sahibi olan kurumlarýn üst düzey yetkilileriyle derinlemesine görüþmeler yapýlmýþtýr. Çalýþmanýn kapsamýný, HUL yaklaþýmýnýn önerdiði kavram ve deðerlendirme parametreleri, Ýzmir tarihi liman kenti ile kentsel aktörlerin görüþleri oluþturmaktadýr. Planlama biliminde kültürel mirasýn korunmasý, bütüncül planlama ve yönetim konularý arasýndaki iliþkinin HUL yaklaþýmý perspektifinden ve kültürel mirasa iliþkin konularýn Ýzmir Tarihi Liman Kenti alan örneði üzerinden ele alýnmasý açýsýndan çalýþma farklýlaþmaktadýr. Ýzmir Tarihi Liman Kenti, geleneksel liman ve ticaret merkezi, zengin kültürel deðerleri ve kozmopolit yapýsýyla üstün evrensel deðere sahip özgün bir mirastýr. Ginzarly, Houbart ve Teller (2018) HUL yaklaþýmýný bütüncül (holistic), bütünleþik (integrated) ve deðer odaklý (value based) olmak üzere üç temel bileþen ile açýklamýþtýr. Bu çalýþmada derinlemesine görüþme yapýlan aktörlerin görüþleri bu bileþenlerle iliþkilendirilerek deðerlendirilmiþtir. Böylece Ýzmir tarihi liman kentinde HUL yaklaþýmý parametreleri çerçevesinde üç eksenli bir koruma, planlama ve yönetim yaklaþýmýna iþaret edilmektedir.

The study is to seek answer “what are the difficulties encountered in the conservation/planning of heritage sites in Ýzmir in the light of changing socio-economic conditions?” and “to what extent can UNESCO’s historic urban landscape proposal help improve the conservation and management of these areas?” questions. An integrated, holistic and value-based conservation approach makes a participatory process in which urban actors agree on common goals and act together important. In this context, the basic concepts and evaluation parameters proposed by the HUL approach are defined by the texts of the declaration and the relevant literature. Landscape, cultural layers, multiple identities, urban culture, continuity and change, sustainability, stakeholders and multidisciplinary are the prominent concepts.
The participatory model, which has an important place in the implementation of the HUL approach, is discussed with the views of the actors through the example of Ýzmir-Kemeraltý. It is aimed to reveal the problems and develop suggestions for the implementation of the HUL approach for the Kemeraltý region with the actor’s views evaluated over the concepts. It is observed that there are projects at different scales, from the strategic level to the building level, for the protection, maintenance and promotion of tangible and intangible heritage values. In this context, urban stakeholders who actively organise plans, projects and activities for the purposes of protecting, improving and promoting the region in Kemeraltý have been identified. Within the scope of the study, the subject was handled within the framework of what kind of approach should be developed especially in the field of urban planning, and it was aimed to discuss with the senior officials in the planning units of the Institutions that play an active role in the planning / area management / project studies in the region. In this context, although most city planners, actors from different professional groups, especially in non-governmental organisations, were included in face-to-face interviews. In depth interviews were conducted with these actors in the period of August–September 2020, adhering to the semi-structured interview form consisting of open-ended questions, and the data obtained were evaluated with the descriptive content analysis method. The study shows that Izmir Historical Port City is a unique cultural heritage with a superior universal value with its traditional port and trade centre, rich cultural values and cosmopolitan structure. It is thought that the HUL approach will be a guide in the preservation, planning and management of the historical cultural landscape in the Historic Port City of Izmir.
In the example of Izmir, the participants expressed the deficiencies in coordination and cooperation in upper-scale plans and in the relationship between spatial planning and area management. It has been observed that there is no common strategic plan agreed on for the protection of cultural heritage. In addition, despite the existing institutional structure and numerous studies, the lack of an up-to-date, easily accessible, holistic database on tangible and intangible heritage and the disconnection between spatial studies and the social and economic dimensions of conservation are other problems. The lack of legal and institutional structure for a plan that will determine the basic strategies, especially at the provincial or regional scale, conflicts of authority between the centre and the local, and the inadequacy of the tools for implementation and incentives have been put forward as problems.
It is seen that a holistic, integrated and value-based participatory approach model should be implemented in the region in line with the HUL approach. It is understood that the application of multidisciplinary and participatory planning approaches in the historical port city of Izmir will play an important role in ensuring holistic protection and sustainable development. Protected areas of the city should be considered in plans, not as isolated areas, but as a tool to unite the historical and modern city and improve urban development. Conserving the tangible and intangible heritage and maintaining the common identity of the society should be among the priorities of urban and regional planning. It is also important in terms of cultural tourism to protect the landscape and cultural values that constitute the construction of cultural diversity. In this context, there is a need to evaluate the conservation and tourism policies at the regional level to integrate the city with the surrounding settlements. In this context, based on the HUL approach, a model has been put forward that defines the stakeholders regarding information and planning, community participation, regulation and financing tools in the Historic Port City of Izmir.

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Kentsel dönüþüm kapsamýnda gerçekleþen yýkým faaliyetlerinde söküm ve geri kazaným olanaklarý sorgulanmadan binalar kontrolsüz bir þekilde ortadan kaldýrýlmaktadýr. Yýkým çalýþmalarýnda kullanýlan geleneksel yöntemler; yapýsal atýk oluþumuna, enerji ve doðal kaynak tüketimine neden olurken ayný zamanda önemli çevre ve saðlýk sorunlarýna yol açmaktadýr. Bahsedilen sorunlarýn çözümüne yönelik ortaya çýkan bina yapýbozum kavramý, yýkým öncesinde bina ve çevresinin mevcut durumunu analiz ederek, yýkým aþamasýnda alýnacak önleyici tedbirlerin, kullanýlacak araçlarýn, yöntemlerin, görev yapacak ekiplerin belirlenmesini, uygulanmasýný ve denetlenmesini saðlar. Bu baðlamda çalýþmada, kentsel dönüþüm kapsamýnda yýkým sürecinin bina yapýbozumuna uygun bir þekilde yürütülmesi ve denetlenmesi için bina yapýbozumuna uygun deðerlendirme modeli geliþtirilmiþtir. Çalýþmada, bina yapýbozum kavramýnýn Türkiye’de kentsel dönüþüm alanýnda uygulanabilirliðini tespit etmek üzere bir anket çalýþmasý yapýlmýþtýr. Elde edilen bulgulara baðlý olarak firmalarýn genel yaklaþýmlarý belirlenmiþ ve bina yapýbozum kriterlerinin uygulanmasýnda firmalarýn güçlü ve zayýf yönleri tespit edilmiþtir. Kentsel dönüþüm kapsamýnda yýkým çalýþmalarýnda bina yapýbozum kriterlerinin uygulanmasýnda firma içi kaynaklý güçlü ve zayýf yönler ile firma dýþý kaynaklý fýrsat ve tehditler GZFT (güçlü, zayýf, fýrsat ve tehditler) yöntemi ile analiz edilmiþ ve her bir kriterin uygulanmasý için stratejiler belirlenmiþtir. Analitik hiyerarþi prosesi yöntemi ile kriter ve stratejilerin aðýrlýklarý hesaplanmýþtýr. Aðýrlýklar hesaplanýrken Super Decisions programý kullanýlmýþtýr. Çalýþma kapsamýnda puanlamaya dayalý bir deðerlendirme modeli oluþturulmuþtur. Deðerlendirmede elde edilen sonuca göre kentsel dönüþüm kapsamýnda gerçekleþen yýkým çalýþmalarýnýn bina yapýbozumuna uygunluk dereceleri belirlenmiþtir. Model bir bina üzerinde uygulanmýþ ve elde edilen bulgular, modelin uygulanmasý için gerekli koþullar ile çalýþmanýn gelecekteki araþtýrmalara katkýsý sonuç bölümünde açýklanmýþtýr.

In the demolition activities carried out within the scope of urban transformation, buildings are removed in an uncontrolled manner without taking the dismantling and recovery possibilities into consideration. While traditional methods used in demolition cause structural waste, consumption of energy and natural resource, they also result in significant environmental and health problems. In order to prevent these problems, more environmentally friendly solutions should be produced. The concept of deconstruction, as an alternative to the demolition of buildings, is one of the solutions considered. The concept of building deconstruction helps to reduce or completely eliminate the negative effects of demolition by ensuring the demolition activities which has to be carried out in a planned and controlled manner.
The concept of building deconstruction analyses the current state of the building and its surroundings before demolition. In addition, it enables the determination of the preventive measures to be taken during the demolition phase, the tools, methods, methods and teams to be used. In order to run the demolition process in accordance with the building deconstruction process, it requires the implementation and inspection of all the determined elements on the field. Moreover, the systematic progress of the demolition process is possible with the coordinated work of
many contributors such as contractors, architects, engineers, implementation crew, etc.
In this study, an evaluation model convenient for building deconstruction was developed in order to contribute to the execution and supervision of the demolition process in accordance with the building deconstruction. It was intended that local governments and supervisory firms assess and inspect the demolition activities in urban transformation sites by deploying the model developed. Therewith, it was aimed that the companies and teams in the demolition team has to design and implement the process in accordance with the building deconstruction. The problem was defined in this study that prepared to form a building deconstruction evaluation model for the field of urban transformation; and its purpose, scope and method are explained. A literature review was effected on the basic concepts, and general information about urban transformation and deconstruction and the relationship between these concepts was put forward. Building deconstruction criteria are examined in the model.
A survey study was conducted to determine the applicability of the building deconstruction concept in urban transformation in Turkey. The survey was applied to the companies operating urban transformation activities and being members of AÝDER (Association of Anatolian Side Construction Contractors). The answers to the questionnaire are evaluated using the SPSS 24.0 (Statistical Package for Social Science) program. Depending on the findings obtained;
- The general approaches of the companies related to the concept of building deconstruction were determined.
- The strengths and weaknesses of the companies were determined in the application of building deconstruction criteria.
Strengths and weaknesses within the company (based on survey results), and the external opportunities and threats (legal regulations, position of the other sectors, etc.) were analysed by SWOT analysis method for the application of building deconstruction criteria in demolition works in the field of urban transformation. In accordance with the analysis, strategies were determined for each criterion. Since the SWOT analysis is static and subjective, the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method was used to compare the criteria and strategies obtained for measuring and evaluating. Relative levels of importance were given to criteria and strategies by field experts. By deploying the AHP method, the criteria and strategies were ranked in compliance with their importance. The SuperDecision program was used for ranking.
A scoring system was used to measure the criteria and strategies based on qualitative data used in the evaluation model. Based on the scoring, the conformity degrees of the criteria and strategies for building deconstruction were obtained. In order to report back to the companies on the faulty and incomplete applications in the demolition process, the pre-demolition and post-demolition processes were scored and evaluated separately. Afterward, both processes were evaluated together and the total score of the building deconstruction and the percentage value were obtained. According to the building deconstruction percentage value obtained, the degree of conformity of the demolition works carried out within the scope of urban transformation to building deconstruction was determined. The model was applied to a building in a risky region after the Elazig earthquake, which had minor damage but was declared risky according to the earthquake regulations and demolished within the scope of urban transformation. The findings obtained, the contribution of the model to current and future studies, and the necessary conditions for the implementation of the model are explained in the conclusion and discussion section.

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Mekânlar ve kullanýcýlarý arasýndaki iletiþimi saðlayan unsur mimari dildir. Mimari dil biçim, form, renk gibi deðerlerle tanýmlanan yapay bir dil çeþididir. Bu yapay dile ait gramer kurallarý ise kural tabanlý tasarým yöntemini ortaya çýkarmýþtýr. Kural tabanlý tasarým yöntemlerinden biri olan biçim gramerleri algoritmik bir tasarým dilini oluþturmak, çözümlemek ya da her iki eylemi gerçekleþtirmek amacýyla kullanýlmaktadýr. Biçim gramerleri tasarýmýn temel oluþturduðu farklý ölçeklerde çalýþma imkâný sunmaktadýr. Bu çalýþmada ise biçim gramerleri, kentsel aktörlerden biri olan üniversitenin yerleþke açýk alan mekânlarýnda analiz süreci geliþtirerek mekânsal çözümleme yapmak amacýyla kullanýlmýþtýr. Biçim grameri ekseninde literatür taramasý yapýlmýþ, biçim grameri kavramýnýn geleneksel ya da özel mimari dokunun tasarým yapýsýný incelemek için kullanýldýðý gözlenmiþtir. Çalýþma, biçim grameri tekniðinin kullanýldýðý ölçek ile geleneksel ya da özel mimari yapý olma bakýmýndan ayrýþmakta ve özgünlük kazanmaktadýr. Üniversite yerleþkesi ölçeðinde; açýk alan mekânlarýnýn çözümlenmesinde biçim grameri ile mevcut bir mimari dili analiz etme yaklaþýmý esas alýnmýþtýr. Çözümleme aþamasýnda yoðun olarak kullanýlan mekânlarýn oluþturduðu odak çerçevesinde; akademik ya da idari yapý, ulaþým aksý, sosyal alan ve yeþil alan olmak üzere dört bileþen kapsamýnda soyutlanmýþtýr. Mekânsal odaklar fonksiyon çeþitliliðine göre alt bölgelere ayrýlmýþ, yapýlaþma gridi üzerinde akademik yapý (A), ulaþým aksý (U), sosyal alan (S) ve yeþil alan (Y) bileþenleri için renk atamasý yapýlmýþ, biçimsel þablon belirlenerek tasarým dili tarif edilmiþtir. Ortaya çýkan tasarým dilinin gramer yapýsýna ulaþmak için bileþenler grid üzerinde yeþil ve sosyal alan, ulaþým aksý sýrasýyla ayrýþtýrýlarak baþlangýç biçimine ulaþýlmýþtýr. Bu baðlamda baþlangýç þeklini belirlemek için izlenen adýmlar ile o alana ait gramer yapýsýna ya da kural setine ulaþýlmýþtýr.

The architectural language is considered an auxiliary subject in this study in the axis of the concept of language. The basic subject of the study is the concept of shape grammar. Analysis studies aimed at separating the language into its elements and examining the relationship between these elements can also be done in architectural language. This situation reveals the similarity between language and architectural language. However, while creating products in the language time dimension, architectural language is based on space dimension. Communication between spaces and users is provided by the architectural language. The shape is considered a communication language within the architectural discipline. In architectural language, grammatical rules are applied or read through shapes.
Shape grammars, one of the rule-based design methods, are used to create an algorithmic design language, analyse it or perform both actions. Shape grammars offer the opportunity to work at different scales on which design is the basis.
According to the literature research, the examples in which the grammar of shape is used have generally developed in the axis of architectural identity in an urban scale. In this study, shape grammar has been used in open spaces on the university campus, which has an important value among urban actors. The analysis of the open spaces on the campus with the form grammar creates a different scale in which this technique is used and reveals the originality of the study. In this direction, the Terzioglu Campus of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University has been chosen as the main material in the study, a large-scale city element that stands out with the educational function of the city of Çanakkale.
There are education and administrative units, social areas and student dormitories on the campus. In the campus, open space places consisting of the structure and its immediate surroundings, transportation axis, walking, sitting, resting, cruising and being alone, multi participant activity area are considered as campus components. Within the scope of the purpose of the study, shape grammar constitutes the basic method for analysing the location of the campus components and their relationship with each other. In this study, in which the concept of shape grammar is the basic method; in the analysis of open places, the approach of analysing an existing architectural language with shape grammar is taken as a basis. These regions, which add attribution to the campus texture, formed the determinant data in the shape grammar analysis. Based on the data, an abstraction study has been made.
In the abstraction phase made on the campus plan, it was observed that polygonal areas emerged as a result of the intersection of gradual transportation axes. These areas, which form the first shape, were defined as “regions” within the scope of the study.
Regions are represented by four components: the transport axis (U), the academic structure (A), the social area (S) and the green area (Y). Regions (A, B, C, D, E, F) are divided into sub-regions according to social spaces that are most preferred by the campus users, where social needs are met, and those offer opportunities for activities such as ceremonies, events, cruising, resting, chatting, being alone. Accordingly, an abstraction was made within the scope of three sub-regions for zone A and two sub-regions in the D region. In the B, C, E, F regions, since the social space for students is not sufficient and they use the front pockets of the canteens/cafes in the academic structure in this direction, no sub-region was created. The geometric analysis of the sub-regions has been made on the structuring grid and the initial shape was reached with the decomposition of the green areas, social areas, and transportation components, respectively, so as to provide access from the whole to the part.
As a result of the analysis with the form grammar, it has been seen that the academic/administrative building is the pioneer in the development of open spaces, the primary and secondary transportation axis surrounds this structure, and the social and green space components are articulated to the building and transportation components in the resulting open spaces.
With the shape grammar that emerged as a result of the study, it is possible to predict possible typologies for a new open-space design. It is expected that the shape grammar rule sets will be beneficial in the design process in the design studies to be carried out for the open space places of the campus, which has high working, development and change dynamics.

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