The architectural language is considered an auxiliary subject in this study in the axis of the concept of language. The basic subject of the study is the concept of shape grammar. Analysis studies aimed at separating the language into its elements and examining the relationship between these elements can also be done in architectural language. This situation reveals the similarity between language and architectural language. However, while creating products in the language time dimension, architectural language is based on space dimension. Communication between spaces and users is provided by the architectural language. The shape is considered a communication language within the architectural discipline. In architectural language, grammatical rules are applied or read through shapes.
Shape grammars, one of the rule-based design methods, are used to create an algorithmic design language, analyse it or perform both actions. Shape grammars offer the opportunity to work at different scales on which design is the basis.
According to the literature research, the examples in which the grammar of shape is used have generally developed in the axis of architectural identity in an urban scale. In this study, shape grammar has been used in open spaces on the university campus, which has an important value among urban actors. The analysis of the open spaces on the campus with the form grammar creates a different scale in which this technique is used and reveals the originality of the study. In this direction, the Terzioglu Campus of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University has been chosen as the main material in the study, a large-scale city element that stands out with the educational function of the city of Çanakkale.
There are education and administrative units, social areas and student dormitories on the campus. In the campus, open space places consisting of the structure and its immediate surroundings, transportation axis, walking, sitting, resting, cruising and being alone, multi participant activity area are considered as campus components. Within the scope of the purpose of the study, shape grammar constitutes the basic method for analysing the location of the campus components and their relationship with each other. In this study, in which the concept of shape grammar is the basic method; in the analysis of open places, the approach of analysing an existing architectural language with shape grammar is taken as a basis. These regions, which add attribution to the campus texture, formed the determinant data in the shape grammar analysis. Based on the data, an abstraction study has been made.
In the abstraction phase made on the campus plan, it was observed that polygonal areas emerged as a result of the intersection of gradual transportation axes. These areas, which form the first shape, were defined as “regions” within the scope of the study.
Regions are represented by four components: the transport axis (U), the academic structure (A), the social area (S) and the green area (Y). Regions (A, B, C, D, E, F) are divided into sub-regions according to social spaces that are most preferred by the campus users, where social needs are met, and those offer opportunities for activities such as ceremonies, events, cruising, resting, chatting, being alone. Accordingly, an abstraction was made within the scope of three sub-regions for zone A and two sub-regions in the D region. In the B, C, E, F regions, since the social space for students is not sufficient and they use the front pockets of the canteens/cafes in the academic structure in this direction, no sub-region was created. The geometric analysis of the sub-regions has been made on the structuring grid and the initial shape was reached with the decomposition of the green areas, social areas, and transportation components, respectively, so as to provide access from the whole to the part.
As a result of the analysis with the form grammar, it has been seen that the academic/administrative building is the pioneer in the development of open spaces, the primary and secondary transportation axis surrounds this structure, and the social and green space components are articulated to the building and transportation components in the resulting open spaces.
With the shape grammar that emerged as a result of the study, it is possible to predict possible typologies for a new open-space design. It is expected that the shape grammar rule sets will be beneficial in the design process in the design studies to be carried out for the open space places of the campus, which has high working, development and change dynamics.
Mekânlar ve kullanıcıları arasındaki iletişimi sağlayan unsur mimari dildir. Mimari dil biçim, form, renk gibi değerlerle tanımlanan yapay bir dil çeşididir. Bu yapay dile ait gramer kuralları ise kural tabanlı tasarım yöntemini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Kural tabanlı tasarım yöntemlerinden biri olan biçim gramerleri algoritmik bir tasarım dilini oluşturmak, çözümlemek ya da her iki eylemi gerçekleştirmek amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. Biçim gramerleri tasarımın temel oluşturduğu farklı ölçeklerde çalışma imkânı sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada ise biçim gramerleri, kentsel aktörlerden biri olan üniversitenin yerleşke açık alan mekânlarında analiz süreci geliştirerek mekânsal çözümleme yapmak amacıyla kullanılmıştır. Biçim grameri ekseninde literatür taraması yapılmış, biçim grameri kavramının geleneksel ya da özel mimari dokunun tasarım yapısını incelemek için kullanıldığı gözlenmiştir. Çalışma, biçim grameri tekniğinin kullanıldığı ölçek ile geleneksel ya da özel mimari yapı olma bakımından ayrışmakta ve özgünlük kazanmaktadır. Üniversite yerleşkesi ölçeğinde; açık alan mekânlarının çözümlenmesinde biçim grameri ile mevcut bir mimari dili analiz etme yaklaşımı esas alınmıştır. Çözümleme aşamasında yoğun olarak kullanılan mekânların oluşturduğu odak çerçevesinde; akademik ya da idari yapı, ulaşım aksı, sosyal alan ve yeşil alan olmak üzere dört bileşen kapsamında soyutlanmıştır. Mekânsal odaklar fonksiyon çeşitliliğine göre alt bölgelere ayrılmış, yapılaşma gridi üzerinde akademik yapı (A), ulaşım aksı (U), sosyal alan (S) ve yeşil alan (Y) bileşenleri için renk ataması yapılmış, biçimsel şablon belirlenerek tasarım dili tarif edilmiştir. Ortaya çıkan tasarım dilinin gramer yapısına ulaşmak için bileşenler grid üzerinde yeşil ve sosyal alan, ulaşım aksı sırasıyla ayrıştırılarak başlangıç biçimine ulaşılmıştır. Bu bağlamda başlangıç şeklini belirlemek için izlenen adımlar ile o alana ait gramer yapısına ya da kural setine ulaşılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Açık mekânlar, biçim grameri; mimari dil; tasarım teknikleri; Terzioğlu Yerleşkesi