In the framework of this research, the discipline of philosophy has been found valuable for constituting a different form of understanding and forming the basis of the thinking system. For this reason, if the architectural design process generally proceeds through a thought-based concept and philosophy is one of the most important disciplines referred to by architecture, it is thought that the discipline of philosophy can be supportive in producing concepts that can contribute to spatial design. In this context, the concept of space has been discussed, considering the path it has followed in its philosophical past and the spatial transformation it has undergone. Then, a two-pronged discussion on the spatial approaches of the contemporary philosophers Martin Heidegger and Peter Sloterdijk was generated to support the design process by producing ontological-based concepts that can reveal new ideas about the perception of space. As a result of this study, it was seen that the production of the meaning of space has always taken place through the previously expressed thoughts and diversification of the concepts used in the spatial design together with the differentiating ideas can bring a different perspective to design. Fourteen new concepts, which are entity-centric, plurality, coexistence, life-in-between-of-life, womb space, resonance space, bubble space, bipolarity, intimacy, self-disclosure, intertwinement, architectural foam, immune-spheric and human sphere, were produced to support the architectural design process as a result of the discussion.

In energy-efficient design, the thickness of the building’s insulation is a critical factor. Because the material is thicker than the optimum level, the initial investment costs of the structure rise, whereas the running costs of the building rise if the level is thinner. For this reason, the thickness of the optimum insulation must be calculated correctly in the early design process. Previous research attempted to solve this problem by calculating the optimum insulation thickness for a 10-year period while only considering the external wall. However, structures should be addressed as a whole, and the economic life cycle for residential buildings has been specified as 30 years in Article 2 (14) of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive. This study aims to uncover the most optimum insulation thickness with the correct lifespan in terms of life cycle cost by addressing the entire building and demonstrating the inaccuracy of prior studies with the novel methodology based on life cycle costing and optimization algorithms. In the study, thirty different insulation thicknesses and two different materials have been used. The new methodology has been applied to the mass housing unit constructed in Ankara in the last 10 years to give information about insulation thicknesses used in the Turkish housing environment. Optimum insulation thicknesses based on the third climate zone for a period of 30 years are calculated as 0.12 m for the external walls. This study reveals that accurate calculations using the right lifespan will result in huge savings in energy and cost. In the case study, which was selected by applying the optimum insulation thickness, the annual energy expenses are decreased by 13%. These findings have indicated that for buildings constructed in the third climatic zone, the optimal insulation thicknesses should be reviewed. The results of the methodology may be utilized as important inputs throughout the decision-making processes of the construction sectors.

Sustainable urbanism and energy-efficient updating of built-up environments have become the subject of extensive academic literature and an industrious implementation area for the construction sector. This interest mostly stems from a worldwide trend of national legislative and financial initiatives originating from a well-justified consensus of the international society on promoting the conservation of natural resources and preventing climate change. In the analytical essence of research that supports these initiatives, there lies the inquiry of specifying thermal behaviour and energy requirements of buildings. Among many variables such as thermophysical properties of construction materials, building form, urban pattern and local weather conditions; facade orientation is accepted as a significant design parameter determining energy consumption rates of buildings. Especially in the new building design field, this parameter has often been examined for distinct settlements and building types to develop case-specific optimisation decisions. However, studies that analysed the correlation between orientation and the energy consumption of historical buildings are very limited, even though such studies would have the potential of determining thermal properties and the capabilities of historical structures to re-identify the technical and cultural values of this heritage as well as establishing supporting data for planning and conservation of historical settlements. The aim of this study is to investigate whether there is a significant relationship between the dominant facade orientation preference of a specific historical building type and its energy demand rates. The method of the study is thermal modelling and simulations on DesignBuilder v5.4.0.21 software. Complementary to these works, on-site thermal measurements of outside air temperature and relative humidity parameters, and laboratory analyses on thermophysical properties of sample historical construction materials were also conducted. With the study, orientation input of a virtual building model, which was formed using architectural features of an example 19th century historical house, was altered between cardinal and ordinal directions, and the model was simulated accordingly to calculate and compare its heating and cooling energy demands. Functional schemes for the spaces of the building model were scheduled as if the building was utilised by its original users. Simulations were executed for two comparative result sets as firstly thermal calculations were performed for the building model with surrounding masses and landscape elements, and secondly for the model without these components. This study is based on experimental examinations of quantitative data. Historical houses with exterior halls were chosen for the study case as they are a very common building type in the Anatolian geography and Muğla city was selected for sample settlement as it inhabits a significant portion of well-conserved historical houses of this type. The numerical result sets of this study reflect the conditions specified for the study case-building type within the sample settlement, yet the conclusions have the potency of generalisation once being supported by possible future works. Through the simulations, final system loads, which are independent of the types and efficiency rates of heating and cooling instruments as well as the consumed fuel types, were calculated as an indicator of annual energy demand rate per unit area (kWh/m²). It was specified that the energy demand rate difference between the optimum and the worst orientation cases is very minimal and between 1.3% and 2.2%. Also, complementary to this result, it was determined that the effects of surrounding masses and landscape elements on the building energy use are very nominal too; as only an average 5.0% energy demand difference was found between the simulation results of building models with and without these surrounding components. According to simulation results, it was determined that the energy use of historical houses with the exterior hall is mostly independent of the change in orientation and therefore, there is not a noteworthy correlation between the dominant orientation preferences observed in the example settlement, Muğla and the building energy demand rates of the examined building type. As trying to establish one of the initial research attempts on a very scarcely-studied, yet - with academic and practical potentials - being an important research topic that is the examination of facade orientation preferences of Anatolian historical buildings, with this study, it was sought to call attention to the importance of determining the thermal properties of the architectural heritage of this geography as to support the conservation and planning decision-making.

The knowledge-based society, developing through the knowledge economy since the 1960s, has changed the definition, production and share of knowledge, and triggered the transformation of societies in many ways. In knowledge-based societies, the transformation of universities and government policies through the prioritization of new modes of knowledge production and research have prompted to highlight knowledge-production processes and research methods in architecture as in all other disciplines. While architectural theory and practice diverge from each other; the diverged architectural research from the field of practice confines itself within the boundaries of the academic field. Therefore, the discipline of architecture has difficulties in developing its autonomous system of knowledge production and research methods.
Within this framework, this study argues that the elusive relationship between architecture and research firmly relies on the concepts of ‘research on architecture (RoA)’, ‘research for architecture (RfA)’ and ‘research through architecture (RtA)’. Besides, adopting 'research for architecture (RfA)' approach, institutions open to both public and private sectors have a great opportunities for integrating architectural research projects developing within the circles of practice and academia. According to these arguments, this study investigates the following questions: What is the role of research in-between architectural theory and practice? In which ways the architects-in-practice can involve in architectural research? How can the application and research centres in universities (UYG-AR) provide proper conditions for realizing the productions in-between architectural theory and practice, and for involving the architects-in-practice in a research process? In line with these research questions, this article constructs a conceptual framework within the existing debates on the new definitions of knowledge within the information society, and three approaches in architectural research. It focuses on the ‘centres for research and application (CfRA)’, with their institutional, professional, and scientific structure, established specifically for architecture among the multi-actor research network in Turkey. This study aims to discuss more particularly on the centres adopting ‘research for architecture (RfA)’ approach, which could possibly light the way for developing the interrelation between architectural theory and practice in Turkey.
Within the scope of this study, seventeen centres for research and application (CfRA), established in Turkey by the Higher Education Law dated 4/11/1981 and numbered 2547, are investigated and discussed within the domain of interpretive research. Instead of proposing a new structure for institutional research, this study brings forth these centres regarding their core idea of university-industry cooperation as convenient platforms for architectural research, where the researchers at undergraduate and graduate levels in universities work together easily on various subjects. In this study, 17 centres for research and application in Turkey are selected among 3872 from the 2020 list of Higher Education Information Management System (Yükseköğretim Bilgi Yönetim Sistemi). Throughout this evaluation process, the centres having the keywords of 'architecture', 'design', 'environment', 'house, 'city', and 'building' are firstly classified. Then, they are re-evaluated according to the correlation established between their actual emphasis on architectural culture, architectural design and built environment, and their aims and fields defined within the regulations published in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey (T.C Resmî Gazete). In line with the tactics of research methodology in this study, the public documents such as development plans, laws, regulations, reports, as well as the official websites of the centres are collected as determinative evidence. They are analytically read with the help of tables and diagrams in terms of their purposes, fields of activity, research methods, and modes of cooperation with different actors. After this contextualization and evaluation by reasoned interpretation, the evidence is discussed. The discussion reveals that the centres (CfRAs) cover some activities that prioritize ‘research into architecture (RiA)’, as they have been established for cooperating between industry and academia rather than establishing relationships between architectural practitioners, the building sector and academia. The centres (CfRAs) with institutional, professional and scientific structures have the potential to offer a unifying and balancing position between the three categories of architectural research. They have both advantages and disadvantages in providing to architectural research. To overcome the possible disadvantages, this study offers three suggestions: The first is to find solutions to the problems resulting from the organizational and institutional structure of the CfRAs. The second is to empower all actors of architecture to adopt ‘research through architecture’ approach. The third is to provide the provision of specialized research policies on architectural research in Turkey.

Today, urban transformation projects, which are performed to combat physical and social deterioration in cities, are frequently discussed in terms of structural and administrative aspects, we also need to bring a new perspective for awareness and redefinitions on current practices. We know that while the regeneration projects stimulate local economic growth in the short to medium term, there are lots of physical, social and environmental problems. This study estimates the local effects of urban transformation policies of applications by using evidence from interventions that took place in medium-sized cities in Turkey. Urban transformation is a set action which consist of laws, policies, economic decisions, and spatial improvement preferences. Urban transformation has a process in which the diversity of impact factors is high, so it includes some forms of partnership that operate between different stakeholders. The paper is aimed to establish a series of relations with the focus of “the mechanism of urban transformation influence on physics-space and process” by examining the positive and negative aspects from the decision and design process to the reconciliation and construction. The chosen case is Kayseri Sahabiye Neighborhood Urban Transformation Project, which is still under construction. The transformation land is located in central business area of the city and it is easy to access from many points of the city. It is also an area where buildings belonging to the Seljuk period and modern civil architecture examples of the Republican period are intertwined. Therefore, every urban intervention planned in this area requires differing approaches rather than one set discipline. The reason for choosing this area is that the transformation project was obtained through an architectural competition. The other reason is that there is so much complex challenges in order to design the habitable new urban area. New project area, which includes mixed functions such as trade, office, and residence, is 51 hectares. The area is divided into 8 stages at the construction phase and first stage was finished in October 2020. There are 622 residences and 55 shops. The research has 2 effect levels. The first of these is the effects of urban transformation about physical, social, environmental and economic changes that are experienced in the present and will be experienced in the future. The other effect level is the determination of the defects or problems encountered in the functioning of the process and their effect mechanisms on each stage of the process. The research was conducted with method of questionnaire. For the reliability of the research, the survey was completed by considering the number of 60 households, which corresponds to approximately 10% of the number of houses. According to the first level results of the survey (physical changes effects); while the organization of space in residences is adequately designed, it has been emphasized that the new residences will not fit the living cultures of the users in spatial terms. It has been emphasized that the concerns that the excess number of residences and different living conditions in the new project will break the neighborhood relations and that social integration will not occur. In addition, the transition from a low-density residential fabric to a high-density life has caused serious security concerns in users. Even though daily life practices are in the same environment, it is highly probable that the incompatibilities and social impairments that they will create will not seriously provide the area belonging. It is thought that making the cultural heritage noticeable in the city with the new project is important in terms of the continuation of the historical culture of the city. On the other hand, the existence of social areas such as shopping and cafes will provide economic vitality in the area. Moreover, it has been emphasized that the increase in land and property values with the transformation project will remain below expectations. According to the second level results of the survey (process effects); it is seen that public participation is not included in the planning and the used reconciliation method harms the trust atmosphere. In addition, although effective planning was attempted in the process, there was a lack of information. For this reason, the process has progressed with legal impositions, especially in the reconciliation process. As a result, urban transformation practices should contribute to life-oriented development. For this, local values and conditions should be taken into consideration, an effective management approach should be adopted, and all groups should be included in the process by considering diversity.

daylight conditions in interior spaces under the headings of daylight provision, assessment for the view out, exposure to sunlight, and protection from glare. There are three levels of recommendation for each specified criterion: minimum, medium, and high. The proposed methods for assessing daylight provision are based on the use of climatic data. So far, no study has been found that examines the glazing area according to the new CEN standard with regard to various parameters such as room shape and size, number of window walls, window position, and direction. The aim of this study is to determine the required glazing area according to the targeted illuminance by considering various options related to the parameters affecting the level of illuminance and to supply data that can be used in residential window design. For this purpose, 1336 residential rooms have been modelled using Diva-for-Rhino software and glazing areas are determined that provide the three levels of illuminance specified in the mentioned standard. The availability of the targeted illuminance levels for half of the daylight hours was calculated using the daylight autonomy method. Climate data for Istanbul were used in the calculations. The effects of obstructions that may be outside the building are excluded from the scope of the study. Some of the factors that determine daylight illuminance have been kept constant. The targeted illuminance level, the shape and size of the room, the number of window walls, window position, sill height, and direction were determined as modifiable factors. Taking into account the dimensions of ordinary living rooms, bedrooms, and children’s rooms in residences, 9 square (10 m2-50 m2) and 14 rectangular (10.8 m2-50.4 m2) rooms were handled. The ratio between length and width was 1.2, 1.4, 1.6 and 1.8 for rectangular rooms. The conditions of a centred window on one wall and a centred window on each of two adjacent walls were examined. In addition, the cases where the windows are placed off-centred either to the right or left direction were also investigated. The study also includes the comparison of windows with and without a sill. Four cardinal and four ordinal directions were considered. The number of directions considered was sixteen for rectangular rooms with windows on two adjacent walls. Glazing areas were determined that ensure ≥300 lx, ≥500 lx, ≥750 lx illuminance levels in modelled rooms. The illuminance levels ≥500 lx and ≥750 lx could not be achieved in all rooms. Targeted illuminances were attained in 1950 rooms. A comprehensive analysis of the results obtained was carried out. The directions have been ordered from positive to negative, assuming that the direction that provides the target illuminance with the smallest glazing area is the most positive. This order was the same for rooms with a single centred window on one wall but changed for other conditions according to the room geometry. Rooms with equal floor areas but different geometry were compared. It was found that the required glazing area to provide the same illuminance is smaller in rectangular rooms in the case of one window and in square rooms in the case of two windows. The geometric properties of the room and the orientation are decisive for the number, size and position of the windows that provide the desired daylight illuminance. In window design, it is necessary to consider the climatic data of the site where the building is located. This study, which takes into account many variables, presents data that can be used in architectural design. These data can be used in many ways such as positioning the rooms in a building, deciding on the room geometry and size, determining the number and position of windows according to the location of the room in the building and the direction.

Works by museologists with different occupations and titles featuring important documents are in the archive of the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Museums of T.R. Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Archivers recorded them at the Ministry of Culture’s inventory as “promotional thesis” and organised them in 330 files from folders 1 to 34. The General Directorate of Classics and Museums demanded such theses from museologists for promotional purposes. Contents and constructs of dissertations about different fields and subjects featured important references. Therefore, these theses have a characteristic to enlarge the scale of research topics or enhance efforts leading to literature scanning for respective research subjects. Thirty-seven of 330 theses with known dates and authors included important information in architectural history and were investigated in the doctoral thesis study. Such 37 dissertations covering the period 1943–1973 were prepared considering Law on Organization of Museums and Observatories numbered 2530 enacted in TGNA on 23rd June 1934. It is the first legal arrangement in Turkish museology’s history to officially register museums as separate institutions causing a leap in Turkish museology as of its effective date. With this law, guidebooks illuminating cities’ architectural history written by museologists between 1930s and 1970s and published by the Board of Education and Ministry of Culture were prepared alongside promotional theses – products of Turkish museology’s progress. This study illustratively evaluates promotional theses written based on law dated 1934 in architectural history. With the study of the 37 theses, written between 1943 and 1973, detection of another respective thesis in the archive and determination of the relevant legislative link and reasoning behind has gained critical importance. When we look at the selection of the topics of the promotion thesis, we see a great variety and substantiality in the subjects. Additionally, it has been targeted to inspire the researchers who have studied in the fields of the topics of respective thesis and their topics. The subjects in these archive documents are archaeological sites, single building scale, urban history studies and period studies. Within the scope of this article, one example of these topics has been selected. The thesis chosen as an example of archaeological sites is Raci Temizer’s thesis entitled “Ayazmayeni Köyü Kayapınar Höyüğü Buluntuları” written in 1952. Another thesis is the subject of a single structure scale and M. Hadi Altay’s thesis titled “Revan Köşkü”, written in 1958. The third thesis is an example of urban history studies titled “Kastamonu Eski Eserler Kılavuzu” and it was written by Ahmet Gökoğlu in 1949. The last sample promotion thesis chosen as a period study belongs to the Cengiz Köseoğlu. The title of the promotion thesis written in 1970 is “Maraş’ta Dulkadiroğlu Mimarisi”. A detailed text about these theses is included in this article study. In addition, the catalogues of these four sample theses, which have been prepared in accordance with the A3 format in the excel file, have been included in the study. The differentiation of promotion theses in catalogues has been in the form of placing only selected sample pages from the text pages and turning all the images contained in the theses into one or more tables. Due to these catalogues, promotion theses have become more descriptive, and evaluations of these theses have been made in detail in many ways. Consequently, this article also emphasises the benefit of this cataloguing method applied for promotion theses. All theses, just like the other theses in the archive of Cultural Assets and Museums General Directorate, are the product of culture policies that started to be applied in the fields of historical works and museums in the Early Republic Period. As stated in the respective acts of law, the promotion of the museum officials as a result of their scientific works prepared in their workplace museums is very important. In addition, the museum officials’ examining the architectural works in their theses, both in a visual and literal way is also very important in showing the significance of the contribution of this work not only to the history of architecture but also art history, restoration, archaeology and any other related fields. The Museum Officials criteria in determining the aims for selecting the topics of their theses from filling the gaps in the literature topics, contributing to the museum they work for or working in the fields of their interest or curiosity, shows not only the great contribution of the theses to the Turkish Museum History but also proves that they were prepared in a way to capture the fields of architecture and art history. This study aims to emphasise the importance of this point as well. In order for researchers and scientists to access the data in the theses and use this data in their own studies, it is necessary to reveal these theses contained in the ministry archive.

This research is about the effects of women’s being a part of paid employment on the usage of public places by using women’s daily life experiences. Joining paid labour is a crucial strategy for women’s empowerment policies. Working outside means leaving home, private space, and being a part of the public places for women. But creating job opportunities for women is not a magical tool that solves all the gender inequalities, on the contrary, Marxist feminists argue that the gendered structure of labour even expands the gap between genders. And feminist geographers underline that women experience public places with a range of barriers created by the patriarchal form of built environments. Even the women have decent works, it is not easy for women to be in public just because the built environment avoids their needs. But despite this hopeless and adverse framework, microanalyses that focus on female workers from developing countries show that women embrace working outside of the home. And when they have proper conditions, they create their empowerment strategies which are slow but deep and strong. This study aims to reveal these empowerments strategies and the needed necessary conditions from the usage of public place perspective. The study case, Geyve in Sakarya, has rural and urban characteristics at the same time. Patriarchal and religious values are deeply embedded in the place. And these values affect the gender roles, labour, and the usage of public places too. Traditionally, women used to work in the agricultural sector as unpaid workers. And their public place usage is limited. But in the 1990s, two food factories opened in Geyve and offered uneducated women a job opportunity aside from the agricultural sector. Women’s participation in paid labour in 30 years changed many dynamics, usage of public places too. The study was conducted with the feminist method, focusing on women’s standpoint, to understand these changes from the women’s perspective. The main data source of this study is the daily life experiences of blue-collar women. These daily life experiences were obtained through in-depth interviews with twenty two female workers. The factory representatives declared that the majority of the female workers are married with children. For this reason, the interviewees were mainly selected from married women with children. The working conditions are critically important in women’s changing behaviours, for this reason, the study focused on a work environment where women work in the same environment with men, under the same conditions, and have the same rights. In this context, the study didn’t include Geyve’s automotive sector. Because this sector is mostly dominated by men. And the textile sector is also out of the scope of the study for a similar reason. Textile sector workers are mostly female and, there is a strong gender hierarchy in this sector. The food factories, which are built in the 1990s and have 1500 workers together, provide the appropriate conditions for the study. In-deep interviews focused on revealing gendered forms of public places, women’s questioning interiorised gender roles, and the reflections of these questionings on public place usage. The study showed that women’s strategies diversify based on their marital status, owning children, and age. For example, mothers with school-aged children justify their existence in public places with their motherhood identity. And young and single women prefer the same cafes as college students. Older women with adult children do not care to be in public or themselves, but they admire the youngsters and support their younger female members. There are two important common statements from interviews. All interviewees emphasised that they have the same rights to be in public because they work under the same conditions as men, and earn the same money. And they feel safe when they are surrounded by other females when they are in public places. These two statements show that although the women are aware of the unfair patriarchal form of public places, they don’t try to demolish it to get their rights. Instead of resisting, they bargain, negotiate, and create small freedom areas for themselves. Joining paid labour and public life are crucial elements of women’s empowerment. But women face many barriers in this way because of the patriarchy. Having local information about the women’s struggle and survival strategies can be helpful to create ideal working places, empowerment policies, and place-making choices. Hopefully, this study will be useful to understand women’s standpoint and include their needs and struggles during the policy-making processes

Since the turn of the century, there have been significant changes in the field of planning and in the practices carried out for the sake of “urban regeneration” in Turkey that merit analysis. The most important of these changes are represented by urban regeneration projects introduced to mitigate disaster risk and increasing the quality of urban life. Urban regeneration projects in Turkey continue to develop through segmental plan changes that lack scientific justification. This type of approach not only leads to population growth exceeding the figures predicted in the upper scale plan decisions of the city but also reduces the green areas, education and health infrastructure, social facilities, and cultural facilities associated with population growth. This pattern tends to compel people to live in a city where the quality of urban life has declined. Increasing population density through segmental and project-based urban regeneration practices and deteriorating social due to density are the main reasons behind the diminished resilience of urban systems.
This paper analyses the relationship between “urban resilience” and “urban regeneration” based on a field study conducted in Kayseri. The study examines the problems of increased urban density and the incompatibility of the social infrastructure (in terms of adequacy and location). To this end, all areas defined as “highly risky” between 2012 and 2020 in Kayseri in accordance with the Law on the Transformation of Areas under Disaster Risk No.6306 were analysed. Within the scope of the study, we examined the construction plan and plan explanation reports and found a “population growth rate” by comparing the population figures before and after the implementation of the transformation plan. Then we assessed how the population density increase reflects on the building density increase based on the “precedent/building density change”. From the plan explanation report, we obtained the change in the overall social infrastructure ratio brought about by population growth and examined this figure on the basis of m2 per capita.
In the examined projects, an average 47% increase was noted in the local population as a result of the plans, with the highest increase being 84%. In addition, an average 2.08 times increase was witnessed in building density, with the highest increase being eight-fold. As for social infrastructure areas, the average decrease in the square meters per capita was 20% in the studied projects, with the the most significant drop being 38%. While 40% of the social infrastructure areas in the projects were preserved, 10% were completely removed, and new proposals were made. Furthermore, 40% underwent a partial change in either size or location, and no new proposals were made in the remaining 10% of the social infrastructure areas. These findings indicate that the maintenance of standards, mitigation of risk and provision of urban resilience, which are the main objectives of the Disaster Law, have not been largely achieved. Deterioration of the standards for social infrastructure area together with the increase in population and building density rates and changes in their function or location properties create open area inadequacy risks in areas to be used as a potential assembly and discharge point in possible disasters and states of emergency. These developments also mean new risk levels depending on different usage incompatibilities in areas such as the city centre (Sahabiye Phase 1 and 2 projects) and industrial zone (Anbar project area), which have higher development and daytime population utilisation density rates. In addition, various threats such as the problems that may be caused by potential building demolitions and night/day population differences may cause urban texture risks, which can have an impact on the vulnerability of urban infrastructure. When open and green areas within the social infrastructure areas are associated with building density and building order within the dense urban texture and are designed with sufficient vegetation, there may also be advantages in terms of air circulation, the feeding of underground water resources during precipitation, and reducing the urban heat island effect in extreme temperatures. However, the above-mentioned adverse factors lead to a decrease in the adaptation capacity of cities in the face of possible disturbances. The resilience of cities will gradually decrease if risk reduction is understood and implemented based only on the market mechanism in high-risk areas and with an approach that only increases urban density. This research offers substantial insight into the emerging problems and adaptation capacities of cities by analysing the relationship between urban regeneration and urban resilience based on the findings of a field study, which represents the original value of the study.

Accessibility can be defined as easiness in reaching locations by means of transportation and its infrastructure. It is a physical characteristic revealing (relative) attractiveness of a location. Mobility, on the other hand, is a real-life counterpart of potentials produced by accessibility, with spatial behavioural dimensions considering socio-economic, cultural and demographic characteristics. For example, different aspects of trip-making behaviour is an important aspect of mobility. This study deals with public transport mobility in Izmir urban region. For the mobility of a public transport system, one has to consider the individual characteristics of a passenger and land-use characteristics of a station or stop. In this study, we try to derive the geography and regional properties of public transport mobility. To this end, one-week electronic card usage data (November 5–11, 2018) has been used for different aspects of mobility. Electronic card readings sum up to 1.7 million times on average during a weekday, which decreases 17% and 49% on Saturdays and Sundays, respectively. Electronic card data stores station or stop where the card is validated, day, time of use, and money charged. Additionally, electronic card data provide the destination station for a one-way trip on a regional suburban line which is known as IZBAN (short for Izmir Suburban Rail System) as the cards are revalidated for fare reimbursement. Similar to other metropolitan areas in Turkey, the public transport system in İzmir has been transforming from rubber-tired systems to rail-dominated public transit systems, which also have regional aspects as well as regional repercussions. Resulting from this transformation, rail system stations have become centres of public transport mobility. In other words, the whole public transport system has been juxtaposed upon the rail system. Accordingly, this study attempts to delineate regional repercussions of the rail system by concentrating on its land-use aspects. Used by thousands of passengers throughout the day, rail stations are evaluated with respect to two views points, station as an areal interaction and station as a node. Areal interaction leads to the station type derived from land use around the station. Accordingly, areal interaction sparks a station-based process of turning space into place. Node property, on the other hand, refers to the directional changes between origin and destination of a trip, i.e., transfer between different rail transit lines. Spatial inferences are also made from these features of the public transport system, such as the number of passengers at stations and stops, the distribution of passengers by hours. Besides, Sub-regions, routes and sections are determined within the city-region and metropolitan area. For the bus network, inferences on land use have been derived from peak hour ratios of electronic card readings. Using mobility data, both rail and bus networks can be merged into integrated service areas. The contribution was made to the development of transportation policies through the findings of public transportation mobility in the Izmir urban region. Three sub-regions are differentiated according to land uses 1) Residential sub-region, 2) Non-residential sub-region, and 3) Mixed land-use sub-region. Each sub-region is associated with a distinct daily passenger pattern according to electronic card data. Of three sub-regions, mixed land-use sub-regions support rail systems throughout a day for all kinds of trips, the other sub-regions support stations for only commute, shopping and business trips. Among rail systems, IZBAN can be singled out as high-capacity suburban and regional rail lines. Currently, IZBAN has a 136 km length with forty stations, combines northern and southern parts of Izmir province along with the metropolitan area in the middle—in the future, IZBAN is expected to reach 185 km by extending to northernmost districts of İzmir province. According to trip lengths and passenger volumes, a generic two sub-section of IZBAN is found. In each sub-section, different lines and services can be assumed in order to increase the effectiveness of the system. IZBAN Alsancak station can be the terminal and transfer station for both lines. Another IZBAN station, Halkapinar station can be singled out as a future transport hub with bus, metro, tram lines around where high-speed train station is planned. On the other hand, passenger levels prove that IZBAN is a good supporter of decentralisation, which had begun before IZBAN in the Izmir urban region. IZBAN mobility connecting the metropolitan areas with northern and southern settlements is a good indication of commutes of decentralised population.

The starting point of the study is the argument that transformation of urban morphology because of production of places on coasts with landfilling. With landfilling on coasts, cities provide land acquisition. However, it causes changes in the morphological pattern of both coasts and cities. Therefore, landfilling is handled as one of the factors that caused the transformation of urban morphology. Istanbul Tophane coast, which was reshaped four times with coastal fillings, was chosen as the study area and the main material of the study for researching the spatial effects of the landfill. While landfilling provide new spatial formations on Tophane coasts, on the other hand, it causes changes in the morphological structure of the city and the coast. It is aimed to determine the influences of the filled coastal areas on urban morphology by researching and comparing the morphological changes of Tophane after each coastal filling. As the study method, Space Syntax, a spatial analysis method that provides an evaluation of the space in terms of usage practices and user perception along with physical analysis, was used. Each spatial change after landfilling in the Tophane coast was analysed with the Space Syntax method, and those changes are compared to each other. Space syntax analyses were done for the periods after 1743, 1894 and 1955 coastal fillings. It is aimed to analyse solid-void, axial and spatial arrangements after each coastal filling and target to evaluate the effects of morphological changes on spatial use and legibility of the coast. From the analyses, layout plan, axial connections, accessibility, the level of integration of the coast with its environment, quantitative findings of user movements and legibility of the places were obtained. As a result of the study, filling areas on coasts reshaped the urban morphology. It also causes new physical formations and differentiation in the usage practices of the coast and the legibility of the coastal area because of the changes in the morphological patterns. After each coast filling, a new morphological pattern formed that had an impact on the layout plan of the area, shoreline and arrangement of places. The layout plan developed in regular patterns after each filling. A linear axis has been developed in the plans and a circulation system has been developed where the deviations in pedestrian movements are reduced. It gives the result that the in-filled areas form a base for the formation of linear city plans and urban developments close to the grid plan order. By creating topographically flat areas on the coast and producing generally straight coastlines instead of the recessed natural coastline, the plan structure in cities and coastal areas can turn into a grid plan. It has been determined that the changes in urban morphology also cause changes in the legibility of the coast. The spatial arrangement in the physical formation and building densities are the determining parameters on the legibility of the space. In this study, the findings support the argument that the coastal fill was considered a factor in urban morphology transformation. With each filling application, changes are evaluated in the plan structures, functional uses, axial pattern, building densities and legibility of the coastline. Findings indicate that the density and arrangement of buildings in the filled areas are the determining issues on the city-coast relation, accessibility and the legibility of the coast, which are related to the solid-void pattern. Furthermore, researches on landfilling on coasts provide findings for planning and design processes along with the analysis of morphological changes. These findings are data that will contribute to the coastal planning, urban design and development processes of the city. In these kinds of studies, the space syntax is a beneficial method to be used both in the analysis of the existing morphological pattern and also for the pre-evaluation of the interventions planned to be implemented in the future from different perspectives. By evaluating morphological features with space syntax, findings related to past, current and future plans can be analysed. The studies conducted in the field of urban morphology considered the coastal landfills as a factor that changes the urban morphology. Hence, researching processes, actors and results of this factor are significant both in contributing to the planning and design processes and also in researching the transformation of urban spaces from history to the present.

The aim of this study is to understand children’s engagement with their urban outdoor environments in Izmir-Turkey, a city with a high urbanisation rate, and to explore the factors that affect their outdoor preferences outside of their school time. The study consists of a field study conducted in a densely populated middle-income neighbourhood. Participants are fourth-grade children from a state-run primary school aged 9–11 years (n=44) and their parents (n=40). The study followed a multi-methodological approach, employing questionnaires, drawing and story writing tasks as data collection methods. Results of the study showed the strong tendency to prefer outdoors during their free time even when their neighbourhood is a high-density urban settlement with limited opportunities for outdoor activities. In the studied neighbourhood, most of the participants mentioned the schoolyard over other locations as their preferred place for outdoor play. Other than the schoolyard, the children mainly reported familiar places in their neighbourhoods, close to their local environments which were also depicted in their drawings and described in their stories. From the perspectives of urban designers and policy-makers, the findings of the study highlight aspects to be concerned about opportunities for outdoor play in high-density and urbanised central neighbourhoods.

The scope of this study encloses conceptual and methodological research on the cultural heritage management approach through examining the participants, problem areas in the implementation process, methods, and tools. The paper is based on a literature review on the cultural management approach by focusing substantially on the approach’s historical and conceptual backgrounds and methods. The research reveals that with the development of the cultural heritage management approach, the conservation concept has shifted from technical practice to a factor that increases the quality of life. Therefore, it is possible to perceive cultural heritage management as the most social and public form of conservation action. Cultural heritage management is an integrated conservation approach based on a management mechanism. The conservation efforts evolved from building-scale approaches to urban-scale and integrated conservation approaches. Besides, currently, the concept of conservation has gained more social content. Today, the conservation approach is accepted as an effort with both technical and social dimensions. To be evaluated together with those different dimensions in the conservation studies, there is a need to establish an integrated approach supported by a management function. It can be stated that almost a century of experience in the field of conservation has revealed that an integrated conservation process can only be achieved by establishing a management mechanism. There has been an increasing public awareness of cultural assets around the world (Smith, 1999). Recently, the questions such as; “Who do the cultural assets belong to? Who is responsible for their protection and management? How and for what purpose, the degree of protection and use are determined?” arise. The cultural heritage management approach is developed to answer all these inquiries from an interdisciplinary and comprehensive perspective. The approach is based on the international principles of conservation and the concept of the public good. As a result of the literature research, the main factors that have caused the formation of the cultural heritage management approach can be summarised as follows:
• The conceptual changes in conservation science under the criticisms of postmodernism,
• The need for developing new administrative tools to control the neoliberal capital demands on the historical sites,
• The need for new approaches that can protect the natural environment and as well as the built environment,
• The need for the management of the property ownerships and bureaucratic processes through participatory conservation practices,
• The need for an overlying framework that covers different stages of the conservation process together, such as financing, planning, implementation and monitoring,
• The need for a scientific time-cost planning schema to attract the investments of the states to the conservation studies.
Besides, one of the outstanding factors in enacting the cultural heritage management approach is to conduct an integrated conservation process through a mutual social and democratic action. Furthermore, the experiences show that constituting interdisciplinary and participatory approaches is crucial for the success of cultural heritage management. The cultural heritage experts research the new methods such as documenting, material collections, archives and conservation techniques. In order to determine which methods to be applied, prioritisation should be given not only to the field-specific research and analysis models, budget, applicability and efficiency parameters but also to the conservation principles. Sustainable budget management and the determination of the process participants are the essential elements in the approach. Another main stage of the process is to create a scientific guide that can be used in the documentation, planning, implementation and control stages. This guide should be adapted for each project in accordance with the specific characteristics of the historical and archaeological sites. As mentioned above, this research aims to produce a guide in terms of new developing practices in Turkey. In this sense, the conceptual and methodological requirements are presented in the study. As a result of the research, although cultural heritage management has some dilemmas arising from the nature of historical science or economic and political problems, it is still the most modern approach that plans and carries out integrated conservation processes with scientific, comprehensive and participatory models. Furthermore, there is a need for more widespread implementation of cultural heritage management in Turkey. Additionally, it is crucial to underline that cultural heritage management is not only an approach that should be applied on the sites of the UNESCO World Heritage List but also should be embraced for all other historical and cultural heritage conservation sites in Turkey.