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Volume : 15 Issue : 2 Year : 2024
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MEGARON / YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE E-JOURNAL - Megaron: 15 (2)
Volume: 15  Issue: 2 - 2020
FRONT MATTER
1. Megaron 2020-2 Full Issue

Pages I - IV

ARTICLE
2. Archeology of a Vanishing Typology: Motels in the Geography of Turkey
Gökçeçiçek Savasir, Zeynep Tuna Ultav
doi: 10.14744/megaron.2020.82956  Pages 171 - 182
Encountered as a vanishing typology in Turkey’s geography, motels are the focus of this study. In this context, Establishing a framework from the precedents that arouse in the American context at the beginning of the twentieth century and European context in midcentury, the motel typology in tourism architecture in Turkey was analyzed in spatial, economic and socio-cultural aspects with their history over half a century. This study attempted to sought the traces of the transformation that this typology went through in a global context considering transformation processes and semantic shifts within the historical context that generates them. In this study conducted to reveal the concepts and qualities related to the realms of architecture and tourism through motels having a significant place among tourism accommodation, the architectural features of motels such as location, scale and form and the transformations of motel enterprises that have lost their popularity within consumption culture were examined through literature review supported with visuals. It is possible to state that motel typology as a unique typology in terms of its location in the city and its small scale as well as its formal and functional simplicity and its spatial comfort, offers its users “a new way of life” through its original meaning. However, the historical examples in Turkey (except for Emniyet Motel, Florya and Kilyos Establishment A and B Motels, TUSAN Motel chain and Çizmecioğlu Motel) do not fit this definition. To put it more precisely, it is difficult to see the implementation of motel typology in its original sense in the context of Turkey. The meaning of Motel typology has changed in parallel with a shift in tourism understanding focusing on coastal settling and has found its local interpretation in Turkey.

3. Theorizing Folded Geography in Architectural Design: Experience of Cappadocia
Levent Arıdağ, Bilge Can
doi: 10.14744/megaron.2020.90582  Pages 183 - 192
This study defines the phenomenologies of Cappadocia in design practice and strategy and attempts to understand how the atmosphere of Cappadocia can re-emerge through specific design concepts in student projects in Design Studio 5. Cappadocia GEOFOLD is based on a new approach in architectural design toward the dynamics of space between humans and nature and the changing balance between them. It aims to acquire and improve upon what is natural and to unfold as a pattern in place. It comprises three phases: Experiencing the Place, Diagramming the Geography, and Mapping the Diagrams. Computer logic is used as a strategy when carrying out these phases in the studio. The aim is to produce a network of relationships strong enough to have a logic of flow, with differences depending on vectors and incorporating variation without distorting internal consistency. Cappadocia GEOFOLD is a phenomenon in which the parts lead to the whole and are defined in terms of intricate links/relations. The final form is carefully considered and important in terms of the relations between these phenomena. These relational forms are defined as connections and configurations of points, either with each other or with sequences of events, together with their distributions. Thus, the design process operates as a dynamic model, opening new ways of creating and thinking as well as engendering unexpected ideas.

ARTICLE (THESIS)
4. Memory and Mimesis During the Architectural Design Process: An Evaluation Over Archiprix Projects
Özgür Demirkan, Ayhan Usta
doi: 10.14744/megaron.2020.32548  Pages 193 - 203
This study has been shaped and developed upon the evaluation of the relationship between memory and mimesis in the context of architectural design practice and aims to gain new perspectives regarding mimesis in architecture through the mimetic partnership established by designers with memory. For this reason, memory, one of the concepts of the study, is evaluated as ‘visual, conceptual and creative memories’ according to the information cycle of design process both in terms of its own internal design and both in the mind of the designer and in the information code it provides. Visual memory; the conceptual memory, which is composed of the universe of infinite constructions in which architectural constructions take place, and which identi- fies the building visuals providing visual data to the designers; traditions, social, cultural facts, human, identity, knowledge, reason, spiritual needs, experiences, habits. Creative memory is; the sensory intelligence that transforms and transforms both visual and conceptual information codes at the point of reproducing is rational mind or mimetic memory. In this context, the study is based on interconnected layers, first of all, in digital networks, the memes of the relevant sources and literature are researched and classified according to their type, quality and meaning. Afterwards, an evaluation was made on the International Archiprix Projects, which gained existence with the participation of students from different cultures and geographies, with the prediction that focusing on buildings that can create a design partnership instead of individual architectural structures will provide a clearer reading of the theoretical approach dominating the study.

5. Architectural Design in Historical Areas: Urban Regeneration Areas in İstanbul
Burcu Tan, Feride Pınar Arabacıoğlu
doi: 10.14744/megaron.2020.05935  Pages 204 - 216
In Turkey, it is observed that, the design projects in sites declared as protected areas with the urban regeneration law enacted in 2005, neglect the universal principles and legal regulations set forth in the protection of cultural heritage. Consequently, architectural design works distorting the integrity and changing the identity of the historical texture are commonly seen. Today, contemporary architectural design in the historical environment is handled together with the subject of conservation aiming to protect the value of cultural identity and transfer it to future generations in the light of various universal studies. Taking design principles into account which are continuously being discussed on international levels regarding new designs within the historical environment will help protect the cultural heritage by constructing the new buildings in the light of context, continuity and historical texture. In this regard, the current study focuses on the questioning of Fener-Balat, Süleymaniye and Tarlabaşı renovation projects, which were declared as regeneration areas in Istanbul, within the scope of universal protection and architectural design principles. In the study, initially, the concepts of conservation of historical environment and architectural design in the historical environment were examined through the lens of international literature and the related legal and institutional arrangements in Turkey, and then, the architectural design criteria in the historical environment were specified within the scope of these concepts. This study aims to reveal the design problems in the regeneration projects of designated three regions. To this end, the projects in question were evaluated in terms of the specified design criteria and the external factors affecting the design studies in Turkey through a survey held with experts on the field. The results reveal that context, continuity and periodical readability are neglected in the renovation projects in question and the political and economic situation in Turkey affects the design works.

ARTICLE
6. Reading the Transformation of the City from a Parcel: The 150-Year History of Parcel 1201/20 at Kordon of Izmir
Halil İbrahim Alpaslan
doi: 10.14744/megaron.2020.34603  Pages 217 - 229
This study aims to reveal the multi-layered structure of Izmir city center and the traces of the layers transferred to each other by tracing the 150-year history of a parcel obtained from the sea. Emerged with the construction of the İzmir quay in 1876, the parcel numbered as 1201/20, formed the basis of 3 different buildings since then. The first building in the parcel, Cinema Pallas, dated 1908, was demolished in 1933 and left its place to Tayyare Cinema building, which continued to function as a cinema building with significant architectural changes. Demolished in 1969-70, the Tayyare Cinema building was replaced with the Tayyare Apartment Building in 1970-73, keeping its name but losing its cinema function. From the upper scale, it is noteworthy that these changes follow the zoning tendencies of the city. Pallas Cinema, a structure taking its name and style from the Greek classical period in Kordon, the focus for the social and cultural activities and the entertainment places of the late Ottoman period mainly for the non-Muslim population, bore the atmosphere of its period. Tayyare Cinema, built in the period when the early republic adopted the modern architectural trend in Europe, can be described as a building that follows social developments considered together with both formal language and the mission undertaken by the Tayyare Association. Tayyare Apartment Building, which is the last structure on the parcel, is one of the representatives of the construction tendencies of 1960-70s along with many apartment buildings that rapidly replaced the old fabric following the appraisal of the urban land and high zoning conditions.

RESEARH BRIEF
7. The Dimensions of the Two Remaining Türbes in Ottoman Hungary: Contributions to the Methods of Ottoman Construction Practices in the Sixteenth Century
Gergo Máté Kovács, Péter Rabb
doi: 10.14744/megaron.2020.51333  Pages 230 - 239
Despite the fact that during the sixteenth century, the so-called golden age of classical Ottoman architecture, thousands of significant buildings were constructed, the methods of designing in the classical Ottoman period still raises several unanswered questions. The present paper surveys some features of classical Ottoman designs, the types of drawing documents used by the craftsmen, and the operation of the architectural institutions. By outlining the dimensions of a specific group of commemorative buildings, the mausolea or türbes erected in Ottoman Hungary, this article aims at providing historical contributions to the evaluation and construction methods of the remaining examples of this building type in Hungary. For this reason, the dimensions of the Türbe of Gül Baba and the Türbe of Idris Baba, the two Shrines in Hungary that still stand, will be investigated.

ARTICLE
8. Dinar-Bademli Mosque: Architectural Characteristics and Hand-Made Decorations on Plaster
Aslıhan Ece Paköz, Nurcan Boşdurmaz, Zeynep Gül Ünal
doi: 10.14744/megaron.2020.90377  Pages 240 - 253
Bademli Mosque, in Bademli village of Afyonkarahisar, dates back to the late Ottoman period. In Afyonkarahisar, as in many other Anatolian cities, the influence of this period is visible in the adorning of mosques. Bademli Mosque is an important example as it has an extensive decoration program and preserves its original features. The mosque has timber posts and a flat roof, clad with timber. Its walls are adorned with colorful handmade decorations on plaster, the most noticeable one being Sultan Abdülhamid II’s tughra in the last prayer hall. In addition, the calligraphy program that extends inward from the entrance of the mosque is remarkable in that it shows how the symbolic reflection of worship in the place was perceived at the beginning of the 20th century. The present study focuses on the mosque’s rich handmade decorations, as well as its architectural characteristic. The study also provides suggestions for the preservation of the unique features of the Bademli Mosque, which have been poorly protected due to user-related problems and a lack of maintenance and repair. In this context, preservation project proposed by the authors in 2018 was used as a reference.

9. Multi-Disaster Risk Evaluation and Accessibility for Stair Streets: The Case of Istanbul
Gül Yücel, İlke Ciritci
doi: 10.14744/megaron.2020.37108  Pages 254 - 269
In the study, stair streets in Istanbul were evaluated within the scope of disaster risk and accessibility. The transportation network of the settlements plays an important role during the disaster and emergency in terms of safe evacuation and reaching to the emergency units. Determining existing risks and taking preventive measures for safe use of transportation networks before a disaster therefore become important. Stair streets, shaped by the topography and the use in their surroundings, are an important component of pedestrian transportation. The structure of street with stairs comes with its own set of challenges. Stair streets that are integrated with different materials and environmental texture in different regions need to be evaluated in terms of disaster risks today. In this context, 26 samples selected over 100 steps from different districts of İstanbul with high earthquake risk were examined. The stair streets were evaluated in on-site examination and observation in terms of their relationship with the topography, landscape, building connections, step features, purpose of use and intensity and their disaster risks such as flood, fire and especially earthquake. Non-structural building problems that may lead to outdoor injuries associated with earthquakes were taken into account. The existing drainage system in the stair streets were evaluated in the context of flash flooding. Buildings around the stairs were evaluated in terms of the existing infrastructure considering building materials, type of use and fire risks. In most of the streets studied, preventive measures need to be developed regarding flooding and fire risks. The overall research results show that the stair streets in Istanbul should be studied in detail in terms of emergency and disaster risks.

ARTICLE (THESIS)
10. Determination of Sustainability Criteria for Building Renewal Applications: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis
Seda Serbest Yenidünya, Sevgül Limoncu
doi: 10.14744/megaron.2020.92499  Pages 270 - 284
Urban transformation practices aimed at reducing disaster risks provide many improvement opportunities besides disaster safety. Among these opportunities, ensuring the sustainability of the built environment gains importance due to the negative environmental, social and economic effects of the buildings. A considerable amount of literature has been published around the world on providing sustainability in the built environment. However, sustainability needs to be handled according to the specific local context of the country and the region. In this context, criteria for creating sustainable buildings in Turkey should be determined which considers the local context, market dynamics, law and regulations, environmental, economic and social dimensions. This study aims to identify the sustainability criteria to be used within the scope of the method that will be developed for the design phase of building renewal applications at parcel scale. Accordingly, articles published between 2009-2018 were systematically reviewed, then the criteria proposed by 22 articles and five building assessment systems for residential buildings were analyzed. In the study, a set of criteria through systematic literature review and meta-analysis has been created that can be used in building renewal applications. A total of 68 criteria were obtained in nine categories including the environmental, economic and social pillars of sustainability. This study provides a framework and input for the method to be established for providing sustainability in building renewals carried out at parcel scale in the context of Turkey’s conditions for urban transformation.

ARTICLE
11. Analysis of Hazard Sources in External Escape Stairs within the Context of International Principles
Erkan Avlar, Hüsniye Sueda Yıldırım
doi: 10.14744/megaron.2020.40316  Pages 285 - 297
The external escape stairs with limited and risky usage conditions, designed outside of the buildings cause life-safety dangers. It is well-known that the safety hazards of these stairs lead to loss of lives in the past. In this context, within the scope of the study, physical conditions of external escape stairs of existing buildings were examined in terms of providing an easy and fast escape from the buildings during a fire, and reducing the risk on someone’s life safety. Based on the results, suggestions for solutions were made to eliminate or reduce the potential risks of external escape stairs. It is assumed that these suggestions will be beneficial for preventing possible health problems and loss of lives occurred at the external escape stairs and minimizing the potential damages faced by the users. In this study, automated building code compliance checking system is used. First of all, the potential sources of hazard in the external escape stairs are identified. It is thought that identifying the sources that could pose a hazard for people during the evacuation from the building in case of a fire can be beneficial to ensure taking necessary fire safety measures. Within the scope of the study, safety hazards related to different sources that could affect the life safety of users were also determined These sources were subsumed under two categories: access and usage. Besides, the physical conditions of external escape stairs were analyzed in the context of fire-related codes, standards and regulations valid in Turkey, United States of America, England and Russia.

ARTICLE (THESIS)
12. An Example Approach for Taking of Auditory Comfort as a Design Parameter in Open Planned Offices
Semran Özdem Gürtürk, Neşe Yüğrük Akdağ
doi: 10.14744/megaron.2020.44452  Pages 298 - 307
Noise audit is extremely important in creating an auditory environment suitable for the actions of users in volumes. On the other hand, due to the physical properties and functions of the volumes in certain buildings such as an open-plan office, industrial facility, noise is even a more important problem. Although open-plan offices make positive contributions to the business both in terms of costs and construction period, they also bring some problems especially for users. Studies to date reveal that the most important problem in many open-plan offices is noise. Since there are no partition walls in such places, sounds caused by speech, telephones and other office supplies, footsteps, air conditioning, and lighting noises, office equipment (i.e. (fax machines, printers), external noises reduce the efficiency of work and sometimes can lead to important health problems. As this clearly demonstrates, handling acoustic measures as a design parameter in the design of open-plan offices is a necessity. In this study, as an example of an open-plan office, a call center where the noise problem is very high was examined. Observations, surveys and measurements were carried out, then the volume was modeled and transferred to the Soundplan 8.1 program. The current noise level in the volume was first revealed by using the program. The call center model with the most appropriate acoustic comfort was sought to be determined in the same program by evaluating the number of personnel in the volume, suitable working unit model designs, divider element heights and different surface absorbents. The results of the current study regarding the measures to be taken to improve the audio environment within the scope of architectural and acoustic design may serve as a guide to the designers.

ARTICLE
13. Life In-Between Flows: A Study on Airport Cities and Changing Trends in Metropolitan Areas
Dila Babaoğlu, Eren Kürkçüoğlu
doi: 10.14744/megaron.2020.88557  Pages 308 - 320
Globalization efforts, socioeconomic concerns shaping cities, the integration of innovative technologies into planning strategies, and attempts to deal with increasing populations have added a “new breath” to planning concepts. Airport cities could be defined as examples of postmodern cities in metropolitan areas in which the airport (with its related departments) is centered as a focal point and other facilities encircle the airport hub up to 30 kms outward in a mutualistic manner. Considering the crucial role of airports in the 21st-century globalized world; travel activities such as international connections, business contacts, congresses, accommodation, and so forth should take place in a short time with easy access. Airport cities can provide all these elements without the need to go to the metropolitan city center and generate a new potential for the reconstruction and development of metropolitan areas. This study aims to investigate the basic information about airport cities with their spatial structure, components, general characteristics, environmental and economic impacts, and critical contributions to metropolitan areas through a theoretical framework. The study consists of three main stages in the framework of qualitative methods, such as data collection, comparison, and evaluation: (I) introduction and theoretical investigation of airport cities with their historical background, key concepts and characteristics, effects on the environment, and their role in sustainability; (II) inquiry into the theoretical knowledge through a case study (Stockholm–Arlanda Airport City); (III) and discussions on the potentials, possible impacts, and stimulating dynamics of airport cities regarding the future of metropolitan areas.

14. Microclimate Assessment of Design Proposals for Public Space in Cold Climate Zone: Case of Yakutiye Square
Doğan Dursun, Merve Yavaş, Sevgi Yılmaz
doi: 10.14744/megaron.2020.15985  Pages 321 - 331
In the last decade, a climate-sensitive urban design has become a popular research topic in most countries, due to the changing climate pattern. In particular, northern cities have always been experiencing stressful climatic conditions, such as snow, ice, wind, and darkness, and should always be ready to withstand these conditions. Urban patterns and designs should be consistent on both macroscale and microscale levels, for buildings to withstand cold climate conditions. Especially, public spaces built in cities should have characteristics to withstand cold winter, such that people can remain in these places for most of the time, that is, remain outdoors. Residents should be encouraged to remain outside, with the help of a public space that is designed to optimize the beneficial aspects of winter. This study mainly aims to explore the consistencies between the urban patterns of Yakutiye Square, which is the central square of Erzurum, and cold climate conditions by simulating the microclimate in the square. In this process, it is aimed to generate a thermal comfort model for the square and determine the level of sensitivity of the urban design to the climate conditions. This study mainly analyzes whether the urban patterns in and around the square eliminate or withstand the winter disturbances. In addition, it questions the capability of the square for transforming this outdoor space into a center of attraction. In this context, a case study is conducted during the winter period. The analysis uses the data gathered through urban geometry of the site, meteorological parameters, and time parameters. Thermal comfort conditions are generated based on these three issues, which gives an idea about a better public space design for winter cities. To evaluate the models, ENVI-met is used. The findings show that Yakutiye Square is not compatible with cold climate conditions and does not use the advantage of the existing climate conditions. As a result, some alternative urban design proposals are suggested for the case study area.

15. Landscape Optimal Suitability Analysis Method: The Case of Anamur District
Tülay Erbesler Ayaşlıgil
doi: 10.14744/megaron.2020.52296  Pages 332 - 342
Due to the increasing population and life-needs both in the world and in Turkey, most appropriate use of natural resources should be determined. Sustainable development depends on taking the right land use decisions. Productivity of soil structure determines biomass performance of that field. This study aims to determine optimal ways of using Anamur land according to three kinds of land use: agricultural, forest, meadows-ranges. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) assisted Landscape Optimal Suitability Analysis Method (LANDEP) was used in the study. In this scope, absolute evaluation parameters were determined through the review of 27 studies from the literature. These parameters are topography (altitude, slope), soil characteristics (large soil groups, land usability groups), soil restriction factors (erosion, salinity, drainage, stoniness, wetness, soil depth), climactic features (exposure, temperature, precipitation), geomorphological structure, current land use status. Sub-criteria, standards and significance of these criteria were determined in line with the current research and their suitability were evaluated according to type of land use. Lands were classified as suitable and unsuitable lands and “Agricultural, Forest and Meadow-Range Landscape Suitability Maps” were generated through grading. When the research area was evaluated in terms of suitability (1st, 2nd and 3rd grade), 46% are suitable for agriculture, 96% are suitable for forest and 5% are suitable for meadow and range. Primary land use type in terms of production capacity were determined with suitability comparison and suggestions were offered by creating “Combined Suitability Map”.