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Volume : 13 Issue : 2 Year : 2024
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MEGARON / YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE E-JOURNAL - Megaron: 13 (2)
Volume: 13  Issue: 2 - 2018
FRONT MATTER
1. Megaron 2018-2 Full Issue

Pages I - IV

ARTICLE (THESIS)
2. Loss of Social Belonging, Displacement and Social Exclusion in the Neighborhood: Urban Redevelopment in Sarigol, Istanbul, Turkey
İlkim Markoç, Candan Çınar
doi: 10.5505/megaron.2017.97658  Pages 169 - 181
Urban redevelopment primarily occurs in shantytowns and the squatters are the most affected by it. The redevelopment projects can potentially lead to countless problems within the neighborhood due to the spill-over effect it has on the social fabric of a community. The main objective of this article is to analyze one of the redevelopment site, Sarigol, in Istanbul and three of those problems caused by the urban redevelopment: loss of social belonging, displacement and social exclusion. According to numerous studies, the fundamental cause of social exclusion, regarded as loss of the sense of belonging and physical displacement, is that prior to urban redevelopment, the members of various socio-cultural and economic social classes were living together without any social integration. The town of Sarigol, which was chosen for fieldwork, was established as a shantytown in the 1950’s and today, urban transformation continues there at full speed. In this research, in-depth interviews have been conducted in Sarigol and the effects of a changing social dynamic were analyzed with regard to residents’ responses on urban redevelopment within the context of those concepts. To absorb the negative effects of the process, innovative changes have to be presented both for physical and social fabric of the neighborhood. In order to provide the social and economic integration, social bonds which allow new comers to gain their sense of belonging and enable stabiles to overcome their socio-cultural and economic differences have to be built.

ARTICLE
3. The Role of Space and Time Use Behaviors in Shaping the Incivility Experience of Young People
Güliz Muğan
doi: 10.5505/megaron.2018.83997  Pages 182 - 191
Space can be considered as one of the important qualitative determinants of time-use. In this study, it is aimed to deal with the complex interactions between space and time-use through a survey on the urban youth in Ankara. This study also aims to underline the impact of space and time dimensions on the way that urban youth perceive and experience incivilities. The issue of (in)civility was analyzed with the help of experiences and perceptions of young people on a street. Sakarya Street, which has been a pedestrian area for 40 years, was selected as the case of this research. The field survey combined observations and interviews with a sample of 82 young people. The role of time/space interaction on uncivil behaviors was analyzed considering variations of daily and seasonal use of time. The qualitative evaluation, which was supported by statistical analyses, indicated that the physical and social environments of the street context and young people’s relationships with that context are influential on their patterns of street use and time use behaviors as well as perception and experience of incivility. It was found that Sakarya was attributed as more dangerous, terrifying, unsafe and avoidable place during evenings and nights due to its deserted appearance, reduced visibility and presence of unconforming groups of individuals. Furthermore, gender differences among urban youth seemed to be influential on attributing evening and nights as more dangerous and avoidable time periods.

4. A Proposal for Imitation Phenomenon in Architecture: Meme Patterns and Architectural Precedent Story Concept
Sinem Özgür
doi: 10.5505/megaron.2018.69926  Pages 192 - 200
Designing with the help of precedents’ knowledge and constituting a new knowledge cannot be defined as a mere copy in architecture. This process is natural and creative imitation matter of fact in terms of mimesis notion. The imitated knowledge is not a final product; it is in a situation that is transferred, in motion, it is regenerated and it forms recurrently according to the paradigm that it is in. Therefore, a research, which considers precedent knowledge and its imitation, should consider also the transforming processes of the knowledge and its media, rather merely focusing on precedent or knowledge. Memetics theories, which are also grounded on evolutionary epistemology approaches, can provide expansions in precedent knowledge research in architecture, because the multi-dimensional and related knowledge layers that are implicit in architectural precedent can be imitated associated with the features of the media that the information is gained. In this article, there is an approach on the relation of precedent’s information media with meme notion and precedent knowledge. Accordingly, two-layered research is done in order to look through the architectural precedent knowledge. First, meme notion in design and design studies approaches are discussed in order to establish architectural precedent knowledge layers. Afterwards, with a sampling from the digital media that present architectural products, the information’s transferring type and the feature of the knowledge in the media is analysed. Consequently, the knowledge-layers that an architectural product can have in terms of precedent are defined. The patterns that are established by the knowledge-layers are defined as “Meme Patterns” and called as “Architectural Precedent Story”. Finally there is an evaluation, which considers that the story re-established everytime makes a conceptualization and creates an imagination in mental representation.

5. Architectural and Historical Qualities of Kalkan as an Authentic Settlement
Kutay Karabağ
doi: 10.5505/megaron.2018.27147  Pages 201 - 225
As the only sheltered bay between Fethiye and Kaş, Kalkan have connected fertile Eşen Plain and high plateaus on both sides of Akdağlar, with the abroad locations. Although the water supply and the commercial potential of the coast had been utilized throughout the history, the settlement sprouts at the beginning of the 19th century and evolves into a lively port town in the second half. To use the old name, `Kalamaki`, was an Ottoman ‘nahiye’ with Greek majority until the population exchange in 1924, and the liveliness had lasted until 1950s. The port had functioned for the transfer of agriculture and forest products to various Mediterranean ports, as well as distribution of imported industrial products throughout the hinterland. These trade connections had brought a continous cultural exchange, which is also eminent in the local fabric and architectural features, as a function of various cultures and local factors. Building islands are usually composed of a few adjacent blocks in order to avoid hindering the view and the breeze, while the space in-between operates as street. In general, buildings are simple rectangular stone blocks of 2 stories nestled on the slope. Whilst plot borders correspond to the building borders in small examples, larger buidings utilize other types of open spaces such as garden and courtyard. Although, the town is under conservation and still possess a level of authenticity, Kalkan turned into a tourism town in 1980s, and particularly around 2000 intensification of uncontrolled growth have begun to threaten the overall integrity of the settlement. This article aims to present the architectural and urban qualities of the traditional fabric regarding historical, geographical and social factors shaping it. In the final part, author discusses the authenticity of the architectural and urban features of the fabric followed with some proposals.

ARTICLE (THESIS)
6. The Digital Copy in Architecture: New Discourses and Approaches
Sevinç Alkan Korkmaz, Açalya Allmer
doi: 10.5505/megaron.2018.78309  Pages 226 - 236
Nowadays, any intellectual product can be produced and reproduced in digital environment. In parallel with the development of digital reproduction technologies, the concept of copy has been reshaped and debated in different contexts. The first break with the digital copy is the physical loss of the distinction between original and copy. In its simplest sense, a digital copy is a digital file created in the virtual environment and capable of being replicated infinitely. Each of these files is identical, that is why it is impossible to establish a predecessor - successor relationship between the duplicated digital files. Differentiating from the mechanical production, it does not propose countless copies made from the same model, but numerous identical copies, none of which is the original model. In this context, the digital copy can be re-processed by each user and constructed in the physical world through uninterrupted manufacturing processes. At this point it is possible to talk about the potentiality of the concept of redux in architecture. In the scope of the study, the concept of redux is discussed through the digital-based current reproduction and construction processes, which are similar to craft production. The Villa Rotunda Redux project (2012) of the Fashion Architectural Taste (FAT) group is examined in this context. Villa Rotunda Redux, the case study of this paper, has been presented as a part of “The Museum of Copying” exhibition at the 13th Venice Architecture Biennale in 2012. Palladio’s Villa Rotunda, the most imitated building in the world, has been imitated once again by using contemporary fabrication techniques. The installation presents many questions relating to “architectural copy”. Through the analysis of visual material and the discourses surrounding the installation’s design process, this study examines the contemporary copy culture and the potentiality of the redux in architecture.

7. Evaluation of Surgical Units in Terms of Legislation and Design Criteria
İlknur Şahin, Ayça Tokuç
doi: 10.5505/megaron.2018.83007  Pages 237 - 249
Legislation on several aspects of health care is constantly updated in order to provide better services. While hospitals have various specialized areas, the updates on health care space design, construction and inspection do not develop in a systematic framework, thus they cause various conflicts for designers, implementers and supervisors. Especially the design and implementation of surgical units impact surgical site infections, yet no current legislation collects all of their required features. In this context, this study aims to unify the the complex and conflicting rules under an audit form for application in a surgical unit. The proposed form details the factors that affect its design according to current legislation and groups the factors under four main headings; 1. Spatial Organization relates its relationship to other units within a hospital, 2. Organization of Surgical Unit considers the necessary spaces, their sizes and their relationship to each other, 3. Material Properties deals with the selection and application of finishing materials, 4. Properties regarding Facilities covers technical requirements such as HVAC and lighting. The form is applied to three hospitals in İzmir, Turkey to show and discuss its applicability. In conclusion, the utilization of such a form would be the first step in both elimination of unclear situations and creation of a data system to help other professionals with future decision making.

ARTICLE
8. Parking Problem in Ankara and Policy Recommendations
Emine Yetişkul, Metin Şenbil
doi: 10.5505/megaron.2018.82335  Pages 250 - 262
In recent years, motorization has gradually increased its pace in Ankara, which has the highest automobile ownership per capita level in Turkey. Considering recent increase in automobile number, this study deals with the need for parking spaces. Using neighbourhood level data, collected during Ankara Transportation Master Plan studies, parking space problem in Ankara metropolitan area has been spatialized by categorizing automobile ownership and street parking ratios into two groups, low and high levels. In parallel to motorization growth, spatialization of parking space problem in the near future is defined as problem areas, potential problem areas, and urgent problem areas with regard to urban fabric. Accordingly, parking policy recommendations are coupled for each problem area.

9. Factors Affecting the Romani Residential Segregation: Aydoğdu Neighbourhood, Tekirdağ, Turkey
Duygu Gökce
doi: 10.5505/megaron.2018.38039  Pages 263 - 276
The Romani residential segregation is a manifestation of a multidimensional social exclusion process. Residential segregation of a minority ethnic group reflects the social context. In this article, in the context of Turkey, the aim is to explain the factors influencing the Romani residential segregation through an Aydoğdu Romani neighbourhood case study and to evaluate the future of Romani housing. In total, 320 households were interviewed, and in-depth interviews were done with authorities from Romani associations and related institutions, and spatial analysis was carried out regarding the neighbourhood’s housing and settlement pattern to analyse the choices and constraints on housing of the Romani. Residential segregation of the Romani, although based on both choice and necessity, due to the practices on the demand side of the housing market and the limited resources of the households, tends to be a forced choice.

ARTICLE (THESIS)
10. The Contribution of Flexible Design in Prevention/Reduction of C&D Waste: An Educational Building Example in Kayseri
Burcu Salgın, Gökçe Tuna Taygun, Ayşe Balanlı
doi: 10.5505/megaron.2018.14632  Pages 277 - 285
Throughout the functional lifetime of a building (in situations where the need, user, function, regulations or likes change), what is expected of an architectural design is its ability to adapt to change. Adaptability to change is possible with the flexibility approach. While flexible design allows change, it is also beneficial for preventing/reducing C&D waste. Because the building can be adapted to new circumstances without demolishing it completely or partially, it is possible to use the building products effectively and in such a way C&D waste can be prevented/reduced. In this research, an analysis is performed on the benefits of a flexible design in the prevention/reduction of C&D waste for “a multi-functional, leased building whose function and user have not been defined”. With this aim, a literature review was conducted on how a flexible design contributes to C&D waste prevention/reduction. Next, the flexible design steps for preventing/reducing the C&D wastes that are generated by changes/transformations/renewals during the usage phase of the building were put forward. A building located in Kayseri, which was designed in 2007 with the aim of flexibility, without user and function definition and has been used as an educational building since 2013, was examined. Specifically, the contribution of design flexibility on the prevention/reduction of the C&D waste generated during the usage phase of the building was examined, and the results were presented. The findings of the study show that the building had enough flexibility for its current use and future possible functions, and therefore, it was concluded that flexible design would be effective in the prevention/reduction of the C&D waste to be generated in case of changes.

ARTICLE
11. The Role of Industrial Design Within New Product Development Process: Turkey and West Europe
Tengüz Ünsal
doi: 10.5505/megaron.2018.87699  Pages 286 - 296
This article aims to investigate industrial design (ID) effectiveness within Turkish consumer manufacturing Industries (CMIs) and considers how Turkish CMIs need to become more aware of how ID is managed and utilised as part of new product development (NPD) process in other countries. The approach compares the NPD process for five successful Turkish and Western European CMIs, specifically focusing on the purpose, culture, process/performance, and people aspects of business process analysis, and combines qualitative data collection with case studies and a literature review. The research reveals NPD in Turkish CMI was biased to the domestic market, and company organisational structure and management styles were organised from this perspective before 2000. Further, the process of improving product quality to become internationally competitive was exclusively internalised and little influenced by product innovation or customer desirability. This finding established a model for NPD practice that mapped the differences between Turkish and Western Europe CMIs, and showed they occurred at an operational level in 2000. The narrowing domestic market profitability volume due to the competitive power created by China in global markets increased many companies’ demands in design, in order to increase their exports. The government incentives for R&D and design affected the Turkish CMI development positively; before the year 2000, the exports were shaped by the domestic market oriented product development activities, while thereafter it has been observed that cross-cultural cooperation on NPD activities for target markets and the organisational aspects of design.

12. An Analysis of Accessibility in Architectural Design in terms of Wheel Chair Users
Emrah Türkyılmaz, Emine İskender
doi: 10.5505/megaron.2018.26566  Pages 297 - 323
Although legal rights of people with disabilities are known in Turkey, studies are insufficient on rearrangement of built environment in the fashion to serve physical accessibility of people with disabilities. This study aims to review legal rights of individuals with disabilities, within the current system in Turkey and to introduce rearrangements which enable indoor accessibility for people with disabilities. To that end, minimum requirements to enable physical indoor accessibility for individuals with disabilities were identified by examining the standards set forth by TS 9111 The Requirements of Accessibility in Buildings for People with Disabilities and Mobility Constraints, and those requirements were analyzed in terms of selected model projects. Within the scope of this research, indoor accessibility for individuals with disabilities who use wheelchair was addressed, and analyses on model projects were performed by checking requirements of wheelchair users. Following the analyses, accessibility of selected model projects was determined, and deductions were made on how designing process must be performed by taking minimum requirements into consideration.

13. Conceptual Thinking at the Intersection of Art and Design: Informal Education Studies (2009–2015)
Hande Düzgün Bekdaş, Selin Yıldız
doi: 10.5505/megaron.2018.26818  Pages 324 - 333
The matter of disconnection while using formal or informal knowledge in design education, constitutes a serious problem. Thinking via concepts is one of the methods used against disconnection. Concepts that have an important place in both the analysis and the synthesis phases, play significant roles in legibility and correlations through facilitating and guiding design process. This study aims to contribute to mobilizing design process, focusing on various branches of art and utilizing “conceptual thinking” as a tool. Conceptual framework is based on the items “relating, meaning, communicating, analysis and synthesis, abstraction”. The method is considered in a holistic sense through both subjective and objective concepts. The workshops which are sampled in this study, titled as “Art and Design”, “ Literature and Design” and “Music and Design” were implemented in Yıldız Technical University, Department of Architecture by means of integrating into formal and informal education process between the years of 2009-2015 with a wide range of participants from different universities. The approaches of workshops support “warm-up” phase and contribute design thinking techniques in applied design courses through strengthening the communication between student-student, lecturer-student.

14. Public Open Space Design and Plant Design for Liveable Winter Cities
Okşan Tandoğan, Elif Ebru Şişman
doi: 10.5505/megaron.2018.92668  Pages 334 - 346
Among the most important indicators of livable urban spaces are the presence of public open spaces and access to these spaces. However, in winter cities where winter dominates, inadequate weather conditions such as wind, frost, ice, snow, declining sunshine and long-term cold restrict the use and access of public open spaces. In particular, public open urban spaces that are not designed for winter season conditions lose accessibility, which reduces the quality of life and the livability of the city. The aim of this study is to investigate what can be achieved at the design scale for the more livable urban space in the winter cities where the use of public open spaces is largely restricted, especially as a result of adverse weather conditions in winter. In the first phase of the study, from the definitions made for the winter cities, maps of the world climate classification that Köppen had done were examined and the winter cities in Turkey are designated as Erzurum, Kars, Ardahan, Ağrı and Muş. In the second phase of the work, public spaces in the cities are classified as streets, pedestrian paths, squares and parks. Then, the studies and practices related to the winter cities in the world were examined and design criteria for making the public spaces in the winter cities more livable for the urban people were proposed. In the third phase of the study, suggestions were made for the plant material that can be used in the public space design for the cities which are evaluated as the winter city in Turkey.