Architectural and Historical Qualities of Kalkan as an Authentic Settlement

As the only sheltered bay between Fethiye and Ka�, Kalkan have connected fertile E�en Plain and high plateaus on both sides of Akda�lar, with the abroad locations. Although the water supply and the commercial potential of the coast had been utilized throughout the history, the settlement sprouts at the beginning of the 19th century and evolves into a lively port town in the second half. To use the old name, `Kalamaki`, was an Ottoman �nahiye� with Greek majority until the population exchange in 1924, and the liveliness had lasted until 1950s. The port had functioned for the transfer of agriculture and forest products to various Mediterranean ports, as well as distribution of imported industrial products throughout the hinterland. These trade connections had brought a continous cultural exchange, which is also eminent in the local fabric and architectural features, as a function of various cultures and local factors. Building islands are usually composed of a few adjacent blocks in order to avoid hindering the view and the breeze, while the space in-between operates as street. In general, buildings are simple rectangular stone blocks of 2 stories nestled on the slope. Whilst plot borders correspond to the building borders in small examples, larger buidings utilize other types of open spaces such as garden and courtyard. Although, the town is under conservation and still possess a level of authenticity, Kalkan turned into a tourism town in 1980s, and particularly around 2000 intensification of uncontrolled growth have begun to threaten the overall integrity of the settlement. This article aims to present the architectural and urban qualities of the traditional fabric regarding historical, geographical and social factors shaping it. In the final part, author discusses the authenticity of the architectural and urban features of the fabric followed with some proposals.

Keywords: Traditional fabric, Kalkan; Kalamaki; conservation; tourism; vernacular architecture.

�zg�n Bir Yerle�im Olarak Kalkan��n Tarihi ve Mimari Nitelikleri

Kutay Karaba�
Bilgi �niversitesi Mimarl�k Fak�ltesi, Mimarl�k B�l�m�, �stanbul

Teke Yar�madas��nda, Fethiye�den Ka��a kadar olan k�y�daki tek korunakl� koyda yer alan Kalkan, tarih boyunca Akda�lar��n bat�s�ndaki verimli E�en Ovas� ve do�usundaki y�ksek yaylalar�n denizle ba�lant�s�n� sa�lam��t�r. Koydaki su kayna�� ve ticari potansiyelin daha eski zamanlarda da kullan�ld�� bilinmekle birlikte, yerle�imin muhtemelen 19. y�zy�l�n ba��nda geli�erek, ikinci yar�s�nda canl� bir liman kasabas�na evrildi�i, bu d�nemde Likya yerle�imlerini ziyaret eden bat�l� gezginlerin notlar�ndan anla��lmaktad�r. 1924�teki n�fus m�badelesine kadar Rum a��rl�kl� bir Osmanl� nahiyesi olan Kalkan�da, ticaret ve canl�l�k, T�rk n�fusun kontrol�ne ge�tikten sonra da, 20. y�zy�l�n ortalar�na kadar s�rm��t�r. Tar�m, hayvanc�l�k ve orman �r�nleri, eski ad�yla �Kalamaki� iskelesinden Meis ve Rodos gibi ba�lant�larla Akdeniz�in �e�itli limanlar�na g�nderilirken, sanayi �r�nleri de i� b�lgelere da��t�lmaktad�r. Kalamaki�de, bu ticaret ba�lant�lar�n�n sa�lad�� s�rekli k�lt�r al��veri�i sonucunda, baz� adalar ba�ta olmak �zere �evre yerle�imlerde g�r�len mimari niteliklerle, yerel parametrelerin birlikte �ekillendirdi�i �zg�n bir mimari doku olu�mu�tur. Geleneksel dokuda, birka� biti�ik yap�dan olu�an yap� adalar�, manzara ve esintiyi kesmeyecek �ekilde konumlan�rken, aralar�nda kalan a��k alanlar da sokaklar� olu�turmaktad�r. K��k �l�ekli yap�larda parsel s�n�r� yap� s�n�r�yla �rt��rken, b�y�k �rneklerde bah�e ve avlu gibi a��k alanlar da kullan�lmaktad�r. �o�unlukla e�ime dik yerle�en, 2 katl� basit dikd�rtgen prizma formlu yap� k�tleleri, birbirini engellemeden denizle bak� ili�kisi kurabilecek �ekilde kurgulan�rken, a��k mekanlar s�caktan korunacak bi�imde konumlanm��t�r. Tipik �n cephede dar ve uzun a��kl�klar ve �st katta ortada bir balkon yer almakta, cephe ��gen bir al�nl�kla tamamlanmaktad�r. 1980�lerden itibaren bir turizm kasabas�na d�n��en Kalkan�da, 2000�lerde yo�unla�an plans�z ve kontrols�z b�y�me geleneksel dokunun �zg�n niteliklerini tehdit etmektedir. Bu konudaki yakla��mlar�n tart��lmas� i�in b�t�nc�l bir taban olu�turmay� da ama�layan bu makale; saha �al��mas� ve kaynaklara dayanarak, yerle�imdeki geleneksel dokunun �zg�n mimari ve kentsel niteliklerini, onlar� �ekillendiren tarihsel, co�rafi ve sosyal etkenler ��nda incelemektedir. Makalenin son b�l�m�nde, dokunun �zg�n nitelikleri ve m�dahaleler de�erlendirilmekte ve dokunun korunmas� konusunda uluslararas� t�z�klere dayal� �neriler ortaya konmaktad�r.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Geleneksel doku, Kalkan; Kalamaki; koruma; turizm; yerel mimari.

Kutay Karaba�. Architectural and Historical Qualities of Kalkan as an Authentic Settlement. Megaron. 2018; 13(2): 201-225

Corresponding Author: Kutay Karaba�, T�rkiye

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