Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA), International Approaches and Practices: Examining the Applicability of HIA in Turkey

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Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA), International Approaches and Practices: Examining the Applicability of HIA in Turkey [Megaron]

Megaron. 2021; 16(4): 619-643 | DOI: 10.14744/megaron.2021.98058

Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA), International Approaches and Practices: Examining the Applicability of HIA in Turkey

Burcu Can �etin¹, Nuran Zeren G�lersoy²
¹Istanbul Technical University, Graduate School, Urban and Regional Planning PhD Program, Istanbul, Turkey
²FMV Isik University, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Architecture, Istanbul, Turkey

Heritage impact assessment (HIA)1 which is a new important tool to establish the balance development proposals within the processes of conservation and management of cultural properties, has shown remarkable progress since its differentiation from environmental impact assessment (EIA) in the early 2000s. Various HIA guidelines and principles among which UNESCO World Heritage Centre and ICOMOS take attention have been published by international institutions and organisations to strengthen the sustainability of cultural properties. While Turkey has followed the improvements in the E.U. and the U.S. where the integration of these guidelines has enhanced HIA are integrated the integration of these guidelines into countries� legislation has contributed extensively to HIA practices put HIA into force in Turkey is still an outstanding question. Therefore, this study aims to describe a general HIA framework for Turkish conservation sites based on the international approaches and cases from E.U. countries and the U.S. The proposed framework includes a national conservation strategy for Turkey, a conservation-HIA-planning system design connected by HIA, and procedures and processes for an effective HIA. As the impact assessment refers not only to a legal procedure but also a technical tool, the study�s methodology comprises literature research on the history of HIA and its evolution in Turkey, recent international perspectives of HIA, and examination of six case studies, two of which are from Turkey. Four cases from developed countries that represent innovative approaches to HIA are chosen based on their applicable regulations concerning HIA in Turkey and their impact assessment process and methodology. Turkish cases, on the other hand, exemplify how international HIA frameworks have been treated. It is crucial to see examples from developed countries that offer different HIA frameworks in addition to the ICOMOS� HIA Guidance for internationally listed cultural heritage. In this context, the paper begins with a brief introduction and continues with the conceptual explanation of HIA and case studies, respectively; Heritage Impact Assessment of Liverpool Waters, Heritage Impact Assessment Study of Proposed Spatial Plans on the Mill Network at Kinderdijk-Elshout, Heritage Impact Assessment of York Local Plan, and Heritage Impact Assessment for the Statue of Liberty New Museum Construction. In addition to their general HIA approaches, the scale and characteristics of the cultural heritage expected to be affected by the developments have been considered. The main theme of the third part includes the current relationship between cultural heritage and impact assessment practices in Turkey. Two HIA cases from Turkey, Golden Horn Metro Crossing Bridge and Eurosia Tunnel, are examined and evaluated. When all cases from E.U., the U.S., and Turkey�s HIA challenges are considered together, it is seen that there are many problems to be solved for a more effective HIA. Linked with the Turkish challenges, these problems are evaluated, and recommendations are provided under three headlines: the gap in the Turkish legislation-Turkish National Conservation Strategy, the adaptation of international principles-HIA defined in the Turkish conservation-impact assessment mechanism, connection issues between theory and practice of HIA � A New Improved Process for HIA studies. In order to propose a robust HIA framework for Turkish conservation areas, it is found out that there is an urgent need for radical changes in planning, conservation, and impact assessment regulations as experienced in England and the Netherlands cases. This is described by the general conservation strategy for the whole country, grounded on Turkish cultural property descriptions. Similarly, each law or procedure within these three disciplines should be interconnected and integrated by putting innovative approaches into the planning system. As seen in the U.S. cases, although impact assessment and conservation could be connected via guidance on the actor relations, for an effective process, HIA should be built parallel to both conservation-management of cultural heritage and decision-making process of policies, plans, and projects. Therefore, the proposed HIA flowchart and its impact assessment phases constitute a more extensive process that includes three mechanisms to be managed by features of any conservation area. Inspired by the technical principles of ICOMOS HIA Guidance, evaluated legal systems, and considering the scales of cultural heritage, this study supports HIA theory and practice by declaring it as an integration instrument when it puts the cultural property in the centre.

Keywords: CHIA, conservation, cultural heritage, HIA; impact assessment.

Kültürel Miras Etki De�erlendirme (K�MED) Kavram�, Uluslararas� Yakla��mlar ve Uygulamalar: Türkiye�de K�MED Uygulanabilirli�inin �rdelenmesi

Burcu Can �etin¹, Nuran Zeren G�lersoy²
¹�stanbul Teknik �niversitesi, Lisans�st� E�itim Enstit�s�, �ehir ve B�lge Planlama Doktora Program�, �stanbul
²FMV I��k �niversitesi, Mimarl�k ve Tasar�m Fak�ltesi, Mimarl�k B�lm�, �stanbul

Kültür varl�klar�n�n korunmas� ve y�netilmesi süre�lerinde, koruma ile geli�me �nerileri aras�nda denge kurulmas�nda yeni ve �nemli bir ara� olarak tan�mlanan kültürel miras etki de�erlendirme (K�MED) konusu, 2000�li y�llar�n ba��nda �evresel etki de�erlendirmeden ayr�larak geli�tirilmeye ba�lanm��t�r. �The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)� Dünya Miras Merkezi ve �International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS)� ba�ta olmak üzere, kültür varl�klar�n�n sürdürülebilirli�inin gü�lendirilmesi hedefiyle bir�ok uluslararas� kurum ve kurulu� taraf�ndan �e�itli K�MED rehberleri ve ilkeleri yay�mlanm��t�r. Son y�llarda Türkiye�nin yak�ndan izledi�i Avrupa Birli�i ve Amerika Birle�ik Devletleri�nde, bu rehberlerin ülke mevzuatlar�yla bütünle�tirilerek uygulanmas� uluslararas� koruma literatürüne ve etki de�erlendirme pratiklerine geni� katk�lar sunmaktad�r. Türkiye�de de K�MED�in, mevcut koruma-etki de�erlendirme-planlama sistemi i�inde nas�l konumland�r�labilece�i tart��lmaktad�r. Bu nedenle, bu �al��mada, K�MED ile ilgili uluslararas� yakla��mlardan ve �rnek uygulamalardan yap�lan ��kar�mlarla Türkiye�deki kültür miras� ve etki de�erlendirme ili�kisinin kurulabilmesi i�in benimsenmesi gereken K�MED ilkeleri tan�mlanmaktad�r. Bu ba�lamda; K�MED kavram� a��klanmakta, günümüzdeki uluslararas� �evresel etki de�erlendirme yakla��mlar�nda da g�rülen �proje� ya da �geli�me� odakl� perspektiften �nemli �l�üde uzakla�an, uluslararas� koruma kurumlar�n�n K�MED yakla��mlar�na yer verilmektedir. �al��mada ayr�ca, geli�mi� ülkeler aras�ndan K�MED�e yenilik�i yakla��mlar sunan ve Türkiye�de K�MED�in geli�tirilmesine katk� sa�layabilecek nitelikte �e�itlenen d�rt yurt d�� deneyimi olan Liverpool, Kinderdijk-Elshout, York Kenti Plan� ve �zgürlük An�t� �rnekleri kar��la�t�r�larak de�erlendirilmi�tir. Uluslararas� K�MED yakla��mlar� ba�lam�nda Türkiye�de haz�rlanm�� K�MED uygulamalar�ndan say�labilecek olan Hali� Metro Ge�i� K�prüsü ve Avrasya Tüneli Türkiye�deki K�MED sorunlar�na dikkat �ekilerek incelenmi�tir. Ele al�nan K�MED uygulamalar�n�n hepsinin �ne ��kan nitelikleri ve gü�lü �zellikleri �er�evesinde Türkiye i�in ulusal bir koruma stratejisinin ihtiyac�n�n yan� s�ra; koruma-K�MED-planlama sisteminin yeniden kurgulanarak bütünle�tirilmesi gereklili�i vurgulanarak Türkiye�de uygulanabilir bir K�MED i�in temel ilkeler geli�tirilmi�tir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: etki de�erlendirmesi, kü,, ltür miras� etki de�erlendirme; kültürel miras; miras etki de�erlendirmesi.

Burcu Can �etin, Nuran Zeren G�lersoy. Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA), International Approaches and Practices: Examining the Applicability of HIA in Turkey. Megaron. 2021; 16(4): 619-643

Corresponding Author: Burcu Can �etin, T�rkiye

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