An evaluation of the relationship between urban resilience and urban regeneration based on urban density and social infrastructure value: The case of Kayseri

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An evaluation of the relationship between urban resilience and urban regeneration based on urban density and social infrastructure value: The case of Kayseri [Megaron]

Megaron. 2022; 17(1): 117-135 | DOI: 10.14744/megaron.2022.40121

An evaluation of the relationship between urban resilience and urban regeneration based on urban density and social infrastructure value: The case of Kayseri

Yasin BEKTA�
Erciyes University Faculty of Architecture, Department of City and Regional Planning, Kayseri, Turkey

Since the turn of the century, there have been significant changes in the field of planning and in the practices carried out for the sake of �urban regeneration� in Turkey that merit analysis. The most important of these changes are represented by urban regeneration projects introduced to mitigate disaster risk and increasing the quality of urban life. Urban regeneration projects in Turkey continue to develop through segmental plan changes that lack scientific justification. This type of approach not only leads to population growth exceeding the figures predicted in the upper scale plan decisions of the city but also reduces the green areas, education and health infrastructure, social facilities, and cultural facilities associated with population growth. This pattern tends to compel people to live in a city where the quality of urban life has declined. Increasing population density through segmental and project-based urban regeneration practices and deteriorating social due to density are the main reasons behind the diminished resilience of urban systems.
This paper analyses the relationship between �urban resilience� and �urban regeneration� based on a field study conducted in Kayseri. The study examines the problems of increased urban density and the incompatibility of the social infrastructure (in terms of adequacy and location). To this end, all areas defined as �highly risky� between 2012 and 2020 in Kayseri in accordance with the Law on the Transformation of Areas under Disaster Risk No.6306 were analysed. Within the scope of the study, we examined the construction plan and plan explanation reports and found a �population growth rate� by comparing the population figures before and after the implementation of the transformation plan. Then we assessed how the population density increase reflects on the building density increase based on the �precedent/building density change�. From the plan explanation report, we obtained the change in the overall social infrastructure ratio brought about by population growth and examined this figure on the basis of m2 per capita.
In the examined projects, an average 47% increase was noted in the local population as a result of the plans, with the highest increase being 84%. In addition, an average 2.08 times increase was witnessed in building density, with the highest increase being eight-fold. As for social infrastructure areas, the average decrease in the square meters per capita was 20% in the studied projects, with the the most significant drop being 38%. While 40% of the social infrastructure areas in the projects were preserved, 10% were completely removed, and new proposals were made. Furthermore, 40% underwent a partial change in either size or location, and no new proposals were made in the remaining 10% of the social infrastructure areas. These findings indicate that the maintenance of standards, mitigation of risk and provision of urban resilience, which are the main objectives of the Disaster Law, have not been largely achieved. Deterioration of the standards for social infrastructure area together with the increase in population and building density rates and changes in their function or location properties create open area inadequacy risks in areas to be used as a potential assembly and discharge point in possible disasters and states of emergency. These developments also mean new risk levels depending on different usage incompatibilities in areas such as the city centre (Sahabiye Phase 1 and 2 projects) and industrial zone (Anbar project area), which have higher development and daytime population utilisation density rates. In addition, various threats such as the problems that may be caused by potential building demolitions and night/day population differences may cause urban texture risks, which can have an impact on the vulnerability of urban infrastructure. When open and green areas within the social infrastructure areas are associated with building density and building order within the dense urban texture and are designed with sufficient vegetation, there may also be advantages in terms of air circulation, the feeding of underground water resources during precipitation, and reducing the urban heat island effect in extreme temperatures. However, the above-mentioned adverse factors lead to a decrease in the adaptation capacity of cities in the face of possible disturbances. The resilience of cities will gradually decrease if risk reduction is understood and implemented based only on the market mechanism in high-risk areas and with an approach that only increases urban density. This research offers substantial insight into the emerging problems and adaptation capacities of cities by analysing the relationship between urban regeneration and urban resilience based on the findings of a field study, which represents the original value of the study.

Keywords: Urban resilience, urban regeneration, urban density, social infrastructure, urban planning

Kentsel dayan�kl�l�k ve kentsel d�n��m aras�ndaki ili�kiyi kentsel yo�unluk ve sosyal altyap� de�eri �zerinden okumak: Kayseri �rne�i

Yasin BEKTA�
Erciyes �niversitesi Mimarl�k Fak�ltesi, �ehir ve B�lge Planlama B�l�m�, Kayseri, T�rkiye

Bu ara�t�rmada, kentsel dayan�kl�l�k ile kentsel d�n��m aras�ndaki ili�kinin kentsel yo�unluk art�� ve sosyal altyap� uyumsuzlu�u (yeterlilik-m2/ki�i, konum) problemi �zerinden Kayseri�de yap�lan alan �al��mas� bulgular�yla analiz edilmesi ama�lanmaktad�r. Kayseri kentinde 2012-2020 y�llar� aras�nda 6306 say�l� Afet Riski Alt�ndaki Alanlar�n D�n��t�r�lmesi Hakk�ndaki Kanun uyar�nca ilan edilmi� t�m riskli alanlar incelenmi�tir. Ara�t�rma kapsam�nda, imar planlar� ve plan a��klama raporlar� incelenerek; d�n��m ilan� �ncesi meri plan ile d�n��m ilan� sonras� plan aras�ndaki �n�fus art�� oran�� tespit edilmi�tir. Devam�nda n�fus yo�unlu�u art��n�n yap� yo�unlu�u art��na nas�l yans�d�� planlar aras�ndaki �emsal de�i�imi� �zerinden de�erlendirilmektedir. N�fus art��n�n gerektirdi�i toplam sosyal altyap� oran� de�i�imi ise plan a��klama raporundan elde edilmi�tir ve bu de�i�im ki�i ba��na d��en m2 �zerinden sorgulanmaktad�r. Projelerde en y�ksek %84 olmak �zere ortalama %47 oran�nda n�fus art��, en y�kse�i 8 kat olmak �zere ortalama 2,08 katl�k bir yap� yo�unluk art�� yap�lm��t�r. Sosyal altyap� alanlar�nda ki�i ba��na d��en metrekare oranlar�nda ise bir proje hari� en y�kse�i %38 azalma olmak �zere ortalama %20 oran�nda azalma tespit edilmi�tir. Projelerde sosyal altyap� alanlar�n�n %40��n�n mevcut konumu korunurken, %40��nda k�smen de�i�iklik yap�lm��t�r. Sosyal altyap� alanlar�n�n %10�unda tamamen kald�r�p yerine ba�ka bir alanda �neri getirilirken, %10�unda mevcut sosyal altyap� bulunmay�p yeni bir �neri getirilmemi�tir. Bu sonu�lar afet yasas�n�n en temel hedeflerinden standartlara uygun, risk azalt�m� ve kentsel dayan�kl�l�� sa�lama s�yleminin b�y�k oranda ba�ar�lamad��n� kan�tlamaktad�r. N�fus ve yap� yo�unlu�u art��yla birlikte sosyal altyap� alan� standartlar�n�n d��r�lmesi, ba�ka bir i�leve veya konum �zelliklerinin de�i�tirilmesiyle olas� afet ve acil durumlar�nda potansiyel toplanma ve tahliye noktas� olarak kullan�labilecek alanlarda a��k alan yetersizlik risklerini; yap�la�ma ve g�nd�z n�fus kullan�m yo�unlu�unun y�ksek oldu�u kent merkezi (Sahabiye 1. ve 2. Etap projesi) ve sanayi b�lgesi (Anbar proje alan�) gibi alanlarda farkl� kullan�m uyumsuzluklar�na ba�l� olarak yeni risk d�zeylerini; olas� yap� y�k�mlar�n�n olu�turabilece�i sorunlar, gece/g�nd�z n�fus farkl�l�klar� gibi �e�itli tehditlerle kentsel doku risklerini do�urarak kentsel altyap� k�r�lganl�� y�n�nden etki etmektedir. Ara�t�rma kentsel d�n��m ve kentsel dayan�kl�l�k ili�kisini alan ara�t�rmas�yla analiz ederek ortaya ��kan problemlere ve adaptasyon kapasitelerine y�nelik �nemli ipu�lar� sa�lamas� �al��man�n �zg�n de�erini olu�turmaktad�r.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Kentsel dayan�kl�l�k, kentsel d�n��m, kentsel yo�unluk, sosyal altyap�, �ehir planlama

Yasin BEKTA�. An evaluation of the relationship between urban resilience and urban regeneration based on urban density and social infrastructure value: The case of Kayseri. Megaron. 2022; 17(1): 117-135

Corresponding Author: Yasin BEKTA�, T�rkiye

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