Regional aspects of public transport mobility: Izmir urban region case
Metin ŞENBİL1, Emine YETİŞKUL2, Mustafa ÖZUYSAL31Department of City and Regional Planning, Gazi University Faculty of Architecture, Ankara, Turkey2Department of City and Regional Planning, METU, Faculty of Architecture, Ankara, Turkey
3Department of Civil Engineering, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Engineering, İzmir, Turkey
Accessibility can be defined as easiness in reaching locations by means of transportation and its infrastructure. It is a physical characteristic revealing (relative) attractiveness of a location. Mobility, on the other hand, is a real-life counterpart of potentials produced by accessibility, with spatial behavioural dimensions considering socio-economic, cultural and demographic characteristics. For example, different aspects of trip-making behaviour is an important aspect of mobility. This study deals with public transport mobility in Izmir urban region. For the mobility of a public transport system, one has to consider the individual characteristics of a passenger and land-use characteristics of a station or stop. In this study, we try to derive the geography and regional properties of public transport mobility. To this end, one-week electronic card usage data (November 5–11, 2018) has been used for different aspects of mobility. Electronic card readings sum up to 1.7 million times on average during a weekday, which decreases 17% and 49% on Saturdays and Sundays, respectively. Electronic card data stores station or stop where the card is validated, day, time of use, and money charged. Additionally, electronic card data provide the destination station for a one-way trip on a regional suburban line which is known as IZBAN (short for Izmir Suburban Rail System) as the cards are revalidated for fare reimbursement. Similar to other metropolitan areas in Turkey, the public transport system in İzmir has been transforming from rubber-tired systems to rail-dominated public transit systems, which also have regional aspects as well as regional repercussions. Resulting from this transformation, rail system stations have become centres of public transport mobility. In other words, the whole public transport system has been juxtaposed upon the rail system. Accordingly, this study attempts to delineate regional repercussions of the rail system by concentrating on its land-use aspects. Used by thousands of passengers throughout the day, rail stations are evaluated with respect to two views points, station as an areal interaction and station as a node. Areal interaction leads to the station type derived from land use around the station. Accordingly, areal interaction sparks a station-based process of turning space into place. Node property, on the other hand, refers to the directional changes between origin and destination of a trip, i.e., transfer between different rail transit lines. Spatial inferences are also made from these features of the public transport system, such as the number of passengers at stations and stops, the distribution of passengers by hours. Besides, Sub-regions, routes and sections are determined within the city-region and metropolitan area. For the bus network, inferences on land use have been derived from peak hour ratios of electronic card readings. Using mobility data, both rail and bus networks can be merged into integrated service areas. The contribution was made to the development of transportation policies through the findings of public transportation mobility in the Izmir urban region. Three sub-regions are differentiated according to land uses 1) Residential sub-region, 2) Non-residential sub-region, and 3) Mixed land-use sub-region. Each sub-region is associated with a distinct daily passenger pattern according to electronic card data. Of three sub-regions, mixed land-use sub-regions support rail systems throughout a day for all kinds of trips, the other sub-regions support stations for only commute, shopping and business trips. Among rail systems, IZBAN can be singled out as high-capacity suburban and regional rail lines. Currently, IZBAN has a 136 km length with forty stations, combines northern and southern parts of Izmir province along with the metropolitan area in the middle—in the future, IZBAN is expected to reach 185 km by extending to northernmost districts of İzmir province. According to trip lengths and passenger volumes, a generic two sub-section of IZBAN is found. In each sub-section, different lines and services can be assumed in order to increase the effectiveness of the system. IZBAN Alsancak station can be the terminal and transfer station for both lines. Another IZBAN station, Halkapinar station can be singled out as a future transport hub with bus, metro, tram lines around where high-speed train station is planned. On the other hand, passenger levels prove that IZBAN is a good supporter of decentralisation, which had begun before IZBAN in the Izmir urban region. IZBAN mobility connecting the metropolitan areas with northern and southern settlements is a good indication of commutes of decentralised population.
Keywords: Mobility, Izmir urban region, urban transport, public transitToplu taşıma hareketliliğinin bölgesel özellikleri: İzmir kent bölgesi örneği
Metin ŞENBİL1, Emine YETİŞKUL2, Mustafa ÖZUYSAL311Gazi Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Bölümü, Ankara, Türkiye2ODTÜ, Mimarlık Fakültesi, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Bölümü, Ankara, Türkiye
3Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, İzmir, Türkiye
Hareketlilik, erişilebilirliğin ortaya koyduğu potansiyelin gerçek hayattaki karşılığıdır. Bir toplu taşıma ağı söz konusu olduğunda hareketlilik, yolcuların özelliklerinden istasyon ve durak çevresinin arazi kullanımına kadar çeşitli özellikleri içerir. Bu çalışmada, toplu taşıma hareketliliğinin coğrafyası ve bunun ortaya çıkardığı bölgesel unsurlar incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla, İzmir’de toplu taşıma kullanımına ilişkin bir haftalık elektronik kart verisi kullanılmıştır. Elektronik kart verisinde, kartın ilk okutulduğu istasyon ya da durak yeri ile birlikte yolculuğun günü, saati ve karttan tahsil edilen ücret mevcuttur. Ek olarak, bölgesel banliyö olan İZBAN’da yolculuğun sonlandığı istasyon kart geri ödemesi yapıldığı için tespit edilebilmiştir. Diğer büyükşehirlerde olduğu gibi İzmir’de de son yıllarda toplu taşıma sistemi lastik tekerlekli türden raylı sistemlere doğru dönüşmektedir. Bu dönüşümde istasyonlar, hareketliliğin merkezinde yer almaktadır. Gün içerisinde birçok yolcunun kullandığı raylı sistem istasyonları alansal etkileşim ve düğüm noktası olmak üzere iki açıdan değerlendirilmektedir. Alansal etkileşim istasyonun çevresindeki arazi kullanımlarıyla ve faaliyetlerle olan ilişkisini belirtirken, düğüm noktası yolculuğun başlangıç ve bitişi arasındaki aktarma noktalarını ifade etmektedir. İstasyon ve duraklardaki yolcu sayıları, yolcuların saatlere göre dağılımları gibi toplu taşıma sisteminin özelliklerinden mekânsal çıkarımlar yapılmıştır. Kent bölge ve metropoliten alan içerisinde alt bölgeler, güzergâhlar ve kesitler belirlenmiştir. İzmir kent bölgesindeki toplu taşıma hareketliliğinin değişimi üzerinden ulaşım politikalarının geliştirilmesine katkı sağlanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Hareketlilik, İzmir kent bölgesi, kentsel ulaşım, toplu taşımaManuscript Language: Turkish
